Term
| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy cannot be created or destroyed |
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Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| disorder in the universe is continually increasing |
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Definition
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Term
| Heat increases or decreases molecular motion? |
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Definition
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Definition
| the energy available to do work in a system |
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Term
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Definition
| any reaction that requires an input of energy "Inward Energy" when delta is positive |
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Term
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Definition
| delta is negative; reaction that releases free energy as heat; "Outward Energy" |
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Term
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Definition
| today's eukaryotic organelles evolved by a symbiosis arising between to cells that were each free-living. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are very similar to bacteria |
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Term
| which organelles were said to stem from endosymbiotic prokaryotes |
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Definition
| mitochondria from aerobic bacteria and chloroplasts from cyanobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| information center; membrane bound; 10% volume of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the two layered phopholipid membrane of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| where intensive synthesis of rRNA is taking place; not membrane bound |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA protein-complex; building block of a chromosome |
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Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| protein synthesis; forms carbohydrate which links to protein (glycoprotein); peppered with ribosomes |
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Term
| internal space of rough ER |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produces lipids; stores calcium in cell; detox; |
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Term
| what is the structure of smooth ER |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the structure of the rough ER |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the structure of the golgi body |
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Definition
| has a front (cis face) and back (trans face) |
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Term
| Which part of the golgi body is usually found near the ER |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common alteration in the golgi? |
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Definition
| mofifying short chain sugars |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do lysosomes contain |
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Definition
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Term
| where did lysosomes arise from? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does a lysosome function |
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Definition
| it's internal pH is dropped which activates the enzymes inside. |
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Term
| What do lysosomes digest? |
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Definition
| Food particles, old cells, blood cells, glycolipids. |
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Term
| What type of endocytosis is used in relation to lysosome digestion? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the material the cell takes in from endocytosis contains an organism or some other organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| when a cell takes in a particle though endocytosis that contains liquid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bi-product of mitochondrial function; is broken down by perioxsomes |
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Term
| perioxsomes break down _____ to form ____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| metabolize sugar and produce ATP |
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Term
| Why is the cristae's shape important in mitochondrial function? |
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Definition
| Because the inner membrane is folded which allows more surface area |
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Term
| How is mitochondria similar to bacteria? |
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Definition
| It has its own circular DNA; have their own ribosomes; |
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Term
| What is the structure of mitochondria? |
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Definition
| It has two membranes, smooth outer and inner folded membrane |
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Term
| Where is the matrix in the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| Inside the inner membrane |
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Term
| Where is the inner membrane space of the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| Between the outer membrane and inner membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a large and a small subunit composed of rRNA and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleic acid into proteins using mRNA and tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| supports the shape of the cell and anchors organelles to fixed locations |
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Term
| What are the three types of cytoskeletal fibers? |
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Definition
| (1)actin filaments; microfilaments (2)microtubles (3)intermediate filaments |
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Term
| What is the shape of actin fiaments |
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Definition
| two long beans which aid in movement |
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Term
| What is the shape of microtubles? |
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Definition
| hollow tubes with ring of 13 protein |
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Term
| What is the function of microtubles? |
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Definition
| aid in movements and moving materials within the cell itself |
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Term
| Actin is protein that makes up... |
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Definition
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Term
| Tubulin is the protein that makes up |
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Definition
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Term
| Keratin is the protein that makes up |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the strongest component of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
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Term
| flagella originate from a |
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Definition
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Term
| cilia and flagella's structure |
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Definition
| 9 pairs of microtubles and 2 central microtuble pair (9 +2) |
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Term
| what is the function of cilia and flagella |
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Definition
| aid in movement of the cell |
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Term
| What type of movement do eukaryotic flagella perform |
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Definition
| undulation rather than rotates |
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Term
| a phospholipid is composed of |
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Definition
| glycerol attached to two fatty acids an a phosphate group. Additionally, an organic molecule can be attached to the phosphate group |
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Term
| globular proteins are able to reside in the phospholipid bilayer because |
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Definition
| they have a polar hydrophilic portion of amino acid and a non polar hydrophobic portion of amino acid. |
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Term
| carbohydrates act as a plasma membrane's |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the amount of cholesterol determine in a lipid bilayer? |
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Definition
| Its fluidity; determines how stiff |
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Term
| What are the first component of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| (1)Lipid bilayer; non polar hydrophobic tails do not freely bond with water |
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Term
| What is the second component of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| (2) Protein channels; integral protein [trans membrane protein network] |
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Term
| What is the third component of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| (3) peripheral proteins- only on one side |
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Term
| What is the forth component of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrate (cell surface markers) |
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Term
| What are the cell surface markers? |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins and glycolipids |
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Term
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Definition
| protein with a carbohydrate attached; |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid with a carbohydrate attached |
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Term
| Where are glycoproteins and glycolipids converted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What adds chains of sugar molecules to membrane proteins and lipids? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the number of domains determined in regards to integral proteins? |
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Definition
| Each time the amino acids are connected to the hydrophobic portion of the phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
| Where do the microfilaments bond to provide structure? |
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Definition
| They bond to the internal protein structure |
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Term
| Does the lipid bilayer freely allow polar or nonpolar molecules inside? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a polar molecule enters the phospholipid bilayer, what must occur? |
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Definition
| Active transport with a membrane protein |
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Term
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Definition
| an area where membrane components are concentrated |
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Term
| What are two examples of simple diffusion? |
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Definition
(1) passive transport
(2) facilitated transport |
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Term
| passive transport of water needs _____ to occur. |
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Definition
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Term
| passive transport of water needs _____ to occur. |
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Definition
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Term
| simple diffusion is necessary for ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when there are more solutes inside of a cell |
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Definition
| there is more water outside |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of water across a semipermeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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Term
| True or false: energy is required for passive transport |
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Definition
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Term
| When molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high |
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Definition
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Term
| Transport where energy is required |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of diffusion that uses carrier proteins is. |
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Definition
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Term
| Facilitated diffusion's direction depends on the______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| compared to a solution with higher volume of solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| relative to a solution with lower amt. of solutes. |
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Term
| what are the two types of bulk transport |
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Definition
| endocytosis and exocytosis |
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Term
| endergonic reactions ______ energy |
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Definition
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Term
| exergonic reaction ________ energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| oxidation reactions _________ electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| reduction reactions _______ electrons. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the energy contained in chemical bonds |
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Term
| this reaction is spontaneous |
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Definition
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Term
| this reaction does not proceed spontaneously |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| breaking down of molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| the building up of molecules |
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Term
| new tissue growth is form of_______ metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| The phase that consists of the disintegration of complex organic compound to release energy is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| the phase that consists of the arrangement of organic compounds from simpler compounds to store energy is |
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Definition
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Term
| Generally speaking, the materials obtained during the _______phase will be used in the ______phase. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms to maintain life. |
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Term
| the energy stored within a system is? |
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Definition
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Term
| an example of a rock sitting on a hill is ______ energy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| An example of the rock falling from the hill would be ______ energy. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that self nourishes |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that must ingest biomass to obtain its energy and nutrition |
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Term
| Energy typically flows from the sun to a _______ and then to a ________. |
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Definition
| producer; consumer/decomposer |
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Term
| Within the system of energy, some energy flows from a ______ to a ________ and is cyclical in nature. |
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Definition
| producer; decomposer/consumer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ATP synthase makes ATP by ________ phosphorylation |
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Definition
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Term
| In glycolysis and the krebs cycle ATP is produced by __________ phosphorylataion |
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Definition
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