Term
1. What is the behaviorists' view of an individual's personality? |
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Definition
They view it as a collection of response tendecies that are tied to various stiumulus situations. |
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Term
2. Explain the following aspects of classical conditioning:
-Definition
-The Conditioned Reflex
-How Pavolv's experiment was set up |
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Definition
1.It is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
2.The reflex was that the reflex was learned it relflexes to something before it.
3.The dog was given a treat when he heard a bell, so after a few trials, even when the bell rang he salivated. |
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Term
3. Define each of the following parts of classical conditioning:
-Unconditioned Stimulus
-Unconditioned Response |
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Definition
-A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response w.o previous conditioning.
- An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs w.o previous conditioning. |
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Term
3. cont. Define:
-Conditioned Stimulus
-Conditioned Response |
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Definition
-A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response through conditioning.
-It is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning. |
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Term
4. Give the classical exmaple of
-The woman's bridge phobia
-The news reporter anxiety feelings in the newsroom.
-Explain which parts of each story are the 4 parts of Classical Conditioning. |
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Definition
-Bridge became a conditioned stimulus, because of her father's scare tactics which were unconditioned stimulus.
-Negative comments from his supervisors act as a Unconditioned Stimulus, and are paired with noise and sight of room, so that newsroom become a Conditioned Stimulus trigger anxiety. |
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Term
5. What is extinction?
-How does it take place in Classical Conditioning? |
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Definition
-The gradual weakening and disappearnce of a conditioned response tendecy.
-It is the consistent presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, w.o the unconditioned stimulus, so they know when it is constanty repeated. |
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Term
6. What is oPeRant conditioning?
"oPeRant conditioning probably governs a large share of human behavior than classical conditioning, since most humans responses are ________ rather than ________." |
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Definition
-It is a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
-Voluntary RATHER THAN Reflexive. |
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Term
6.Cont.
-What did skinner show with his experiment?
-What is positive reinforcement? |
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Definition
-He showed us that positive and negative reinforcement is what motivates us of what we do. For + reinforcement, we study to get good grades. For -, we go get a jacket cos it's too cold.
-Positive reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the arrival of a pleasant stimulus.
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Term
6.Explain how extinction occurs in oPeRant conditioning.
-Explain how punishment is used to change behavior. |
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Definition
- It refers to the gradual weakening and disappearnce of a response, it begins when previously reinforces response stops producing + consequences.
- Impact on personality is the opposite of reinforcement, the patterns of behaviors that lead to punishment start to dissappear. |
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Term
7. Bandura originated Social Cognitive Theory and as part of it he gave us Observational Learning (in lecture, we called it Modeling Behavior). Explain what it is.
-Give the carsalesman example from the book plus one of your own examples. |
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Definition
-Modeling behavior/Observational Learning occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
-So good behavior with a carsalesman gets her a cheaper car! If you are nice and match well with the carsalesman, he/she will like you and maybe get you a nice sale for the car. This behavior was learned from a friend.
-2nd ex. When your friend gets an A, and the teacher gives her an lollipop, so now you know if you get an A you will get a lollipop. |
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Term
8. What is Self-Efficacy?
-When self-efficacy is high, how does the person react?
-When self-efficacy is low, how does the person react? |
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Definition
-One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.
-He or she feels confident in executing the responses necessary to earn reinforcers.
-individual worries that the necessary responds may be beyond her or his abilities. |
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Term
8.Cont.
-Your book lists 19 example of how feelings of greater self-efficacy can help reach a goal.
--->Give any 2 examples plus one of your own. |
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Definition
-Greater success in giving up smoking.
-More effective weight-loss efforts.
-Greater success in giving up alcohol. |
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Term
1.In achieving self-control, what is Behavior Modification? |
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Definition
-A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principle of conditioning. |
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Term
2. Describe how each of the following techniques can help with changing a behavior:
-What is the first step?
-How do you gather baseline data?
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Definition
-To sepcify the target behavior(s) that you want to change
- Systematically observe your target behavior for a period of time (week or 2) before you work out the details of your program. |
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Term
2. What are Antecedents?
-How might you select a reinforcer?
-Give 5 example from pg.134 |
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Definition
-Events that typically precede the target response.
-By identifying the reinforcers that maintain an endesirable target beahvior or the unfavorable outcomes that are suppressing a desirable target behavior.
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Term
2. What does it mean to "arrange the contigencies?"
-What is a Token Economy? |
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Definition
-The contingencies will describe the exact behavioral goals that must be met and the reinforcement that may then be awarded.
-A system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers. |
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Term
2.What is shaping?
-Explain how you can control antecedents? |
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Definition
-Accomplished when reinforced for each little step in the desired direction.
-Identify and avoid exposure to them. |
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Term
2. What is a Behavioral Contract?
List the Parts. |
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Definition
-A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program.
-"I....Jules Song agree to change my behvior...on this date... upto this date.... sign, witnesses, and date. |
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Term
3.Carver, Scheier, and Weintraub found 14 types of coping. List any 4. |
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Definition
| Planning, Denial, Acceptance, Turning to religion. |
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Term
4.Explain each of the following coping patterns (of limited value):
-Giving up--Explain what happens in Learned Helplesness, and include the animal example.
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Definition
-The coping pattern giving up is when people sometimes just simply give up and withdraw from the battle.
-Learned Helplessness is passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events. It is when they become so apathetic and listless they do not even try to learn escape from it. For e.g, the animals were given a shock collar that they could not escape, and then were given an oppurtunity to learn a response that would allow them to escape the shock. However, some of them didn't even try to learn the escape response and probably had the syndrome..learned helplessness. |
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Term
4.Explain each of the following coping patterns (of limited value) CONT:
-Acting aggressively: What happens when a person uses Displacement? |
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Definition
| -When a person uses displacement, they are lashing their anger out on someone else, because they can not do that to an police officer who gave her a speeding ticket. |
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Term
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Definition
| -A release of emotional tension |
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Term
| 4.What did experimental research conclude about the effect of Catharsis on Aggression? |
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Definition
| -They do not support the catharsis hypothesis beacause they conclude that behaving in an aggressive manner tends to fuel more anger and aggression. |
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Term
| 4.What has research shown on the effect of viewing and playing violent video games? |
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Definition
| -They found that it was related to increased aggression, physiological arousal, and aggressive thoughts and to decreased prosocial behavior. |
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Term
| 4. Indulging yourself- Give examples |
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Definition
| -Some examples are indulging in food, shopping spree, patterns of drinking, smoking, gambling, and drug use. |
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Term
4. Describe Internet Addiction
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Definition
| -It consists of spending an inordinate amount of time on teh internet and inability to control online use. |
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Term
| 4. Blaming yourself- Explain how catastrophic thinking is shown by negative self-talk? |
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Definition
| -Catastrophic thinking, the tendecy to engage in negative self-talk in response to stress, is shown by negative self-talk when people starts to only blame themselves whenever failures occur, focus on negative feedback instead of positive, and makes pessimistic projections of their future. |
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Term
5. Regarding Defense Mechanisms:
-What do they defend against?
-How do they work?
-Explain: Denial, Fantasy, Isolation, and Undoing. |
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Definition
-They defend the individual from the emotional discomfort elicited by stress.
-They work through self-deception, they accomplish their goals by distorting reality so it does not appear so treathning.
-Denial: You consciously say something did not take place.
-Isolation: A person has 2 incompatible ideas in their head at the same time; so, the person uses isolation to keep these 2 incomaptible ideas.
-Fantasy: Believing things that are not true
-Undoing: Person makes a mistake, instead of apologizing; they try to do soemthing else to undo the mistake. |
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Term
| 6. What are positive illusions? How do they work? |
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Definition
| -Postive illusions are unrealistic optimistic expecations and they promote well being and positive health outcomes. |
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Term
| 7. There are three major types of Constructive Coping Tactics. List them |
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Definition
-Appraisal-focused strategies
-Problem-focused strategies
-Emotion-focused strategies |
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Term
8. Explain the following aspects of Appraisal-Focused Constructive Coping.
-What is Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy?
-What is Catastrophic Thinking? |
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Definition
- It is an approach to theraphy that focuses on altering clients' patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behavior.
- It involves unrealistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one's problem. |
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Term
8. Explain the 3 steps in Ellis' A-B-C model of negative emotional reactions.
-Give the example of being stood up for a date
-Give an example of your own A-B-C experience and be able to explain it on the exam.
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Definition
-A: Activating event: It stands for the activating event that produces the stress. (E.g: Car accident, Bad grades)
B: Belief system: B stands for your belief about the event. This represents your appraisal of the stress. (E.g: engaing in catastrophic thinking, "How awful is this!!, I can't stand it !")
C: Consequence: C stands for the consequence of your negative thinking, which leads to emotional distress. (E.g: you feel angry, outraged, anxious, etc.)
-Someone gets stood up for a date she was looking foward to and she starts thinking "This is terrible, im so ugly, and im never going to love again." And this thinking is what increases the distress, because being stood up does not mean you are ugly, or will never fall in love.
-I fail a test, then i think to myself that i am stupid, i will never pass this class, and i will never get into college; however, logically it doesn't mean any of these things, and i jsut get more stressed and sad.
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Term
| 8.List any 2 of the 4 common irrational assumptions that people may have. |
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Definition
-I must perform well in all endeavors. We live in a competetive society and that victory brings happiness.
-Events should always go the way i like. They assume that things should always go their way. |
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Term
8. One way to reduce catastrophic thinking is to avoid using which words?
-Give your own example of how you used humor as a stress reliever? |
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Definition
-Avoid should, ought, always, never, and must.
- When I got a horrible hair cute, I was really mad but me and my friends were looking at it and started laughing how funny it actually looked and ended up laughing about it for a long time and now we always have inside jokes about it. |
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Term
9.Explain the following aspects of Thinking Rationally about the Threat of Traumatic Events:
-What is the Availability Heuristic?
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Definition
-It involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.
- |
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Term
| 10.Explain positive reinterpretation and give the example of searching for something good in a bad experience. |
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Definition
| -It is when you might try the commonsense strategy of recognition that things could be worse and making positive comparisons with others. (E.g: I poured my cereal in my bowl, but i find out my milk has expired. Atleast I checked and didn't pour it into the bowl !) |
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Term
11. Explain the following aspects of Problem-Focused Constructive Coping.
-How would you use systematic problem solving?
-What is Brainstorming?
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Definition
-Clarify the problem, generate alternative courses of action, evaulating your alternatives and selecting a course of action, and taking action while maintaining flexibility.
-It is generating as many ideas as possible while withholding criticism and evaluation. |
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Term
11.Cont
-Seeking help-How might cultural factors play a role?
-"Time consultant Lakein says that it's tempting to deal with ____ rather than more difficult tasks." |
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Definition
-Some people from different cultures have different ways of seeking help depending on their cultures. Some don't want to risk straining relationships by calling others for help.
-Routine |
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Term
11.Explain how each of the following is a problem in time management and in your explanation state whether each of these is a problem for you.
-The inability to say "No".
-Inability to delegate responsibility.
- Inability to throw things away.
-Inability to accept anything less than perfection. |
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Definition
-This one is a problem in time management becuase if you say yes to everyone's requests, you do not have the time to fufil your own proiorities.
-It is a problem because if you can't delegate work to the people who are responsible for it, you are going to end up wasting your own time doing it.
-It is a problem becuase when you don't throw away things that you do not need, they end up piling up and will be harder for you to find the item you actually need in those piles and waste time searching for it.
-Because of their high standards, they dwell on the tiniest problems so they can not move on until it is perfect, hence wasting time.
For me, the inability to delegate responsibility is a problem for me, because I am a captain for my dance team, and I always find myself doing everything when I can simply ask my other peers to do it for me. |
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Term
11. The problem of procrastination:
-Why do people procrastinate?
-Tice and Baumeister found time management was a better predicator of college GPA than ____ |
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Definition
-People procrastinate because they lack of self control, organization skills, has high distractibility, low conscientiousness and low self-efficacy.
- Sat Scores. |
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Term
11.Explain how each of the following time-saver suggestions works:
-Handle paper once
-Tackle one task at a time
-Groups similar tasks together
-Make use of your downtime
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Definition
-Most paperwork can and should be deat with immediately, so they are not there for you to read again and again...until you do it.
-stick with one task until you are done, and try to schedule enough time for each task.
- Bunch up similar tasks together,so it is quicker.
- Most of us have times where we are not doing anything as in, waiting for a bus to come, sitting in uncessary meetings, and working out. We can use those times to do our tasks that could be done at those places. |
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Term
12. Explain the following aspects of Emotion-Focused Constructive coping.
-Emotional Intelligence includes 4 essential components. What are they?
-What did Pennebaker find when he had students write three essats about their college difficulties?
-What does research show about forgiving? Is there a person you should probably forgive? |
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Definition
- Emotional Intelligence consists of the ability to perceive and express emotion, use emotions to facilitate thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion.
- He found out that they enjoyed better health in the following months than the other particpiants who wrote about a different subject, additionally emotional disclosure is associated with improved mood and positive self-perceptions.
-Research shows that forgiving is onf the common coping strategy that is associated with better adjustement and well being, so forgiving makes you healthier mentally and physically. Yes. |
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Term
| 13. What type of problems can be helped with regular exercise? |
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Definition
| -Dealing wiht overwhelming emotions and promotes overall mental and physical health. |
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Term
14.Explain how meditation works. Is it possible to attain simliar results with othe relaxation techniques?
-Refer 4.15 and list the steps in the Relaxation Response. |
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Definition
-Meditation are just mental excercises which a conscious attempt is made and it helps people relax and forget about their problems, and yes it is.
-1.Sit quietly in a comfortable position.
2.close your eyes
3.deeply relax all your muscles, starting at your feet and working yourself up.
4. breathe through your nose, but as you breathe out say the word silently to yourself.
5.continue for 10 to 20 minutes, do not stnad up for a few minutes
6. do not worry whether you are successful in acheiving the deep relazation, always keep a passive attitude. |
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Term
| 1. What is the Working Self-Concept? |
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Definition
| It is an organized collection of beliefs about the self |
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Term
2. What is Social Comparison Theory?
-What is a Reference Group? |
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Definition
-Social Comparison Theory proposes that individuals compare themselves with others in order to assess their abilities and opinions.
- A reference group is a set of people who are used as a gauge in making social comparisons. |
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Term
3.How do most people evaulate themselves?
-In the high school study, what percent rated themselves below average in "ability to get along with others?" |
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Definition
-Most people tend to evaluate themselves in a more positive light than they really merit.
- 0% |
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Term
| 4.One way cultures differ is on the dimension of individualism versus collectivism. Explain. |
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Definition
| -One way to view indivisualism vs collectivism is that we cannot look at them as either-or. We would say this culture is more individualistic than colectivistic. And the way cultures differ with the individ. vs collectiv. is just simply because individualistic and collectivistic cultures have different views and how things work. |
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Term
| 5. People reared in individualistc cultures usually have a more _____ Self view. |
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Definition
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Term
| 6.Explain how women tend to show Relational Interdependence and men show Collective Interdependence. |
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Definition
| - First of all, it is because men and women get their social needs met in different ways. For e.g women are usually involved in close relationships involving intimate friends and family, while men tend to interact in social groups such as clubs and sport teams ! |
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Term
| 7. People with low self-esteem appear to have self-views which are confused. Explain. |
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Definition
| -They have perplexed self-views because they dont know themselves well enough to strongly endorse many personal attributes on self-esteem tests, which resluts in lower self-esteem scores. |
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Term
8.What is Narcissism? Describe the charactersitics.
-What have research findings suggested be done with people who narcissists who hurt others? |
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Definition
- Narcissism is the tendency to regard oneself as grandiosely self-important. They want to think well of them.
-Some characteristics are.. sensitive, especially to criticism, aggresive when it comes to ego threats, and confident.
-It is to develop more self-control and more realistic views of themselves. |
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Term
9.How are people "Cognitive Misers"?
-What is Mindlessness? What is Mindfulness? |
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Definition
-They are Cognitive Misers because the cognitive resources (attention, memory, etc) are limited so the mind works to take "shortcuts" like when we do our daily routine, wake up, shower, eat breakfast, and we don't put alot of thought into it and we just do it !
- Minlessness: It leads to rigid thinking where details and important distinctions are lost.
-Mindfulness: It promotes cognitive flexibility, which in turn can lead to self-acceptance.
(E.g: when you didnt get a job you wanted, you can turn to either of thiese two states.) |
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Term
10. Whatare Self-Attributions?
-Explain each of the following types of Attriubutions:
-Internal vs External
-Stable vs Unstable
-Controllable vs Uncontrollable |
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Definition
-Slef-Attributions are inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior.
-Internal vs External: Interal ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings. External ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and enviromental constraints.
-Stable vs Unstable: Stable would be when it is more or less permanent and unlikely to change over time. Unstable would be behaviors that are variable or subject to change.
-Controllable vs Uncontrollable: Controllable would be something like you started soccer when you were like 3 so the skills are under your control and how much effort you put in practicing, but something uncontrollable would be your aptitude for soccer and you start out of nowhere in college and you are better than people who started when they were like 5. |
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Term
| 10.People with a pessimistic explanatory style tend to attribute their setbacks to which three factors? |
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Definition
- Internal, Stable, and Global.
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Term
| 11.How do people maintain consistency between their past and present behavior? |
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Definition
| -By erasing past memories that conflict with present ones. |
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Term
12.Explain the following Methods of Sef Enhancement, that is, ways that individuals seek positive (and reject negative) information about themselves:
-Downward Comparisons
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Definition
-Downward Comparisons: It is a defensive tendency to compare oneself with someone whose troubles are more serious than one's own.
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Term
12. CONT
Methods of self enhancement, define Self-Serving Bias. |
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Definition
-Self-Serving Bias: The tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors.
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Term
12. CONT
Methods of self enhancement, define Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRGing) and Cutting off Relfected Failure (CORFing) |
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Definition
-Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRGing): It is the tendency to enhance one's image by publicly announcing one's association with those who are successful.
Cutting off Relfected Failure (CORFing): Opposite of BIRGing and people often protect their self esteem by distancing themselves from those who are unsuccessful. |
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Term
12. CONT
Methods of self enhancement, define Self Handicapping |
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Definition
| -Self-Handicapping: It is the tendency to sabotage one's perofrmance to provide and excuse for possible future. |
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Term
12. CONT
Methods of self enhancement, define Defense Pessimism |
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Definition
| Defense Pessimism: A trait causing some people to mentally identify the worst possible outcome and to then subsequently work hard to make sure it never occurs. |
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Term
13.Self-Efficacy
-Define it
-"Self-Efficacy is concerned not with the skills you have, but with ______" |
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Definition
-It refers to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.
-your beliefs about what you can do with these skills. |
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Term
13.CONT
-List any of the 5 of 13 examples of how Self-Efficacy can help to achieve a goal.
-What is the most effective path to Self-Efficacy. |
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Definition
- Academic Success, Improve health (losing weight, quit smoking..etc), Eating disorders, Fear of computer use, and Fear of sexual assault.
- Mastering new skills. |
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Term
14.What is Impression Management?
-Explain any 3 of the 6 impression Mangement strategies: Ingratiation, Intimidation, and Self-Promotion. |
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Definition
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-It refers to usually conscious efforts by people to influence how others think of them.
-It is behaving in ways to make onself likable to others.
-This strategy sends the message "Don't mess with me."
-Trying to earn points by playing up your strong points as in stating your accomplishments and what not. |
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Term
| 15. What is the difference between a High-and Low-Self-Monitor? |
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Definition
| -The difference is that high self monitors seem to be very sensitive to their impact on other, on the other hand low self monitors are less concerned about impression mangement and behave more spontaneously. HSM are skilled at deciphering what others want to see, LSM are more likely to express their true beliefs or convey the impression that they are sincere and genuine individuals. |
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Term
| 1.What is Person Perception? |
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Definition
| - It is the process of forming impressions of others. |
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Term
| 2. What are attributions? |
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Definition
| - They are infernces that people draw about the causes of their own behavior, others' behavior, and events. |
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Term
2.CONT
-What are internal attributions?
-"" "" External attributions? |
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Definition
-When they ascribe the causes of someone's behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, or feelings.
-When they impute the causes of their behavior to situational demands and enviromental constraints. |
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Term
| 3. Shortly after meeting someone you start forming hypotheses about what that person is like. What is Confrimation Bias? |
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Definition
| -It is the tendency to seek information that supports one's belief while not pursuing disconfirming information. |
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Term
| 4. How does Self-Fufilling prophecy take place? |
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Definition
| - It occurs when expectations about a person cause him or her to behave in ways that confirm the expectations. |
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