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Exam II chapter 5 &6
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69
Environmental Studies
Undergraduate 3
10/19/2011

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Term
Inputs
Definition
Matter, Energy, Information to a system
Term
External Costs
Definition
Pollution and waste during an item's production
Term
Stream Gradient
Definition
Measure of Stream channel elevation change
Term
Abiotic inputs for rotting log ecosystem
Definition
rainfall, temperature, sunlight
Term
Ecotone
Definition
Transition zone between adjacent ecosystems
Term
Debris Apron
Definition
Transition zone between rotting log and soil
Term
Included in environmental impact statement
Definition
Needs for project, alternatives, enc. effects
Term
Setting for most productive ecosystems
Definition
Humid, Tropical to sub tropical
Term
Values of a Cherokee Talking Tree
Definition
Scientific, Cultural, Educational
Term
Throughputs
Definition
Processes occurring within a system
Term
Coca Cola principle
Definition
Cold water can store more carbon dioxide gas
Term
Conservationists
Definition
Favor prudent use of natural resources
Term
Negative feedback loop
Definition
Processes that slow down a system
Term
Abiotic stream imputs
Definition
Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH
Term
Edge Effect
Definition
Forest changes due to low angle sunlit margin
Term
Natural Methods of ecosystem recovery
Definition
Seed transport by wind or animals, fire cleansing
Term
Ways that we affect the water cycle
Definition
Cutting down forests and building dams
Term
Full cost pricing
Definition
Internal and external costs of a consumer item
Term
Positive feedback loops
Definition
Processes that speed up a system
Term
Primary Succession
Definition
Ecosystem recovery after a major change
Term
Downsides of reusable beverage bottles
Definition
Shipping to bottler, washing, greater weight
Term
Littoral ecosystem
Definition
Shallow, self like lake ecosystem with plants
Term
Conditions favorable to limestone deposition
Definition
Warm shallow well sunlit sea water
Term
Secondary Successon
Definition
Ecosystem recovery after minor changes
Term
Orographic Effect
Definition
Uplift of Air Masses by Mountains
Term
Rain Shadow Effect
Definition
Mountains block passages of rain casting a "shadow" of dryness behind them
Term
Plate Tectonics
Definition
is called a Unifying Theory because it explains the locations of most volcanoes & earthquakes, as well as the locations & shapes of continents & the distribution of fossils and mineral resources.
Term
Convergent Zone
Definition
Same as "subduction"
denser oceanic crust sinks into mantle beneath other plate margin. Sinking plate melts to form magma. Rising magma = volcanoes.
Term
Divergent Zone
Definition
rising man-tle plume causes plates to separate, spread. Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Same as rift
Term
Transform Zone
Definition
Plates slide past one another. Plate movement = earthquakes (San Andrea Fault)
Term
Post WWII seafloor mapping used
Definition
sonar & magnetometers. Seafloor ridges & trenches, coupled with seismic data from earthquakes, and other data helped “close the loop” and explain how it happened.
Term
Alfred Wegener (1915)
Definition
suggested the name Pangea for the supercontinent that broke apart to form the present day continents.
Term
Oceanic Crust
Definition
More dense than continental crust but thinner. Fe-rich.
Term
Continental Crust
Definition
lighter, Qtz-rich, light colored. Makes up 70% of earths crust
Term
Mafic Composition
Definition
silicate mineral or rock that is rich in magnesium and iron. example: Basalts
Term
Felsic Composition
Definition
a term used in geology to refer to silicate minerals, magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium
Term
Continental Rift Zones
Definition
A long, narrow fissure in the Earth marking a zone of the lithosphere that has become thinner due to extensional forces associated with plate tectonics.
Term
Cascade Mountains
Definition
The small part of the range in British Columbia is referred to as the Canadian Cascades or, locally, as the Cascade Mountains (Mount Renier, Mount St. Helen)
Term
Continental Arc System
Definition
Cascade Mountains exist because of an offshore subduction zone.
Term
Island Arc System
Definition
is a type of archipelago composed of a chain of volcanoes which alignment is arc-shaped, and which are situated parallel and close to a boundary between two converging tectonic plates.
Term
Western margin
Definition
Active margin
Term
Eastern margin
Definition
Passive margin
Term
Igneous
Definition
solidified from molten rock
Term
Sedimentary
Definition
hardened sediments, derived from weathering and erosion of older rocks
Term
Metamorphic
Definition
rocks that have changed due to heat and pressure
Term
Intermediate rock
Definition
from tall, conical composite volcanoes. Inland from Subduction Zones. Medium-colored, explosive pyroclastic ash eruptions and thick lava flows.
Term
Supervolcano
Definition
Erupted from caldera type.
Term
Shield Volcano
Definition
a type of volcano usually built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. They are named for their large size and low profile, resembling a warrior's shield.
Term
Diabase in shallow intrusion, Norcross, GA
Definition
Youngest igneous rocks in ga
Term
Crater Lake
Definition
After Mt. Mazama magma chamber emptied (7,000 yrs ago), the peak collapsed in on itself, resulting in the caldera, which was filled by rain and snow.
Term
Weathering
Definition
Breaking down of rock material. Chemical and physical
Term
Erosion
Definition
is the down-gradient transport of degraded rock (sand, gravel, clay) by way of streams & rivers to eventual deposition in the ocean.
Term
Bedrock turns into saphrolite
Definition
Over time, with Physical and Chemical Weathering, the biotite gneiss becomes the saprolite
Term
Gradient
Definition
the drop in feet/mile. Steeper gradient = higher stream energy (velocity) and more vertical erosion of channel (downcutting) and less lateral erosion, leading to “V-shaped” valleys in mountains.
Term
"Youthful" Streams
Definition
Mountain stream environment
High energy, high oxygen content, low temperature= low biodiversity.
Term
Meandering river
Definition
A meander in general is a bend in a sinuous watercourse. A meander is formed when the moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and widens its valley
Term
Most sedimentary rocks were
Definition
deposited in shallow marine conditions
Term
Transitional environments
Definition
beaches, tidal flats
Term
Emergent
Definition
are stretches along the coast that have been exposed by the sea due to a relative fall in sea levels. This occurs due to either isostacy or eustacy.
Term
Submergent
Definition
are stretches along the coast that have been inundated by the sea due to a relative rise in sea levels. This occurs due to either isostacy or eustacy.
Term
Rocky Shore
Definition
an intertidal area of seacoasts where solid rock predominates.
Term
Sandy Shore
Definition
also called beaches, are coastal shorelines where sand accumulates.
Term
East shore
Definition
Emergent shoreline. Sandy shore habitat
Term
West Shore
Definition
Submergent, rocky shore habitat
Term
Shales
Definition
found in deeper and/or quieter water where shales are deposited
Term
Aquatic ecosystem
Definition
ecosystems largely controlled by water depth, water energy, clarity.
Term
Symbiotic
Definition
close and often long-term interaction between different biological species.
Term
Mutualistic
Definition
is the way two organisms biologically interact where each individual derives a fitness benefit.
Term
When corals are stressed they
Definition
bleach and expel the algae
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