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| 1500's, developed in response to gunpowder because cannon came to dominate the battle field, also called the "star fortress", flat structure composed of triangular bastions, Primarily in response to French army equipped with bombards, walls were made lower and thicker and constructed with earth and brick because it wouldn't shatter like stone does, absorbs cannonball. Star shaped so could cover fire from every angle, advantage defense again |
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| 1600's, after Japan and China decided to outlaw firearms Samurai warrior's used as army, skilled fighters that used swords instead of guns, needed right weapon. Process of heating then rapidy cooling metal in order to make a stronger blade. First coat blad with several layers of wet clay and sometimes ash, edge of blade thinner layer, heated in iron fire then rapidly cooled in water. Clay provides heat insulation that hardens the blade, causes the blade to curve once cooled, creates a much harder material, allowed Samurai to be successful |
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| 1418, Lifting device created by Filipo Brunelleschi that used an ox to lift heavy materials during construction, not man power. Bottom had a helical screw that raised and lowered the wheels in order to raise the material, clutch system allowed the ox to go the same way the entire time even if it was raising or lowering the materials, increased efficiency because it could lift heavier objects at a faster pace, easy to bring the rope back down because of the clutch system, increased building efficiency greatly |
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| Small portions built for awhile, really revived and continued in 1400's by the Ming Dynasty. USed walls as a form of protection from Mongol raids, as construction continued more and more gaurd towers were added, gave work to stonemasons, citizens and soldiers, cities began to form near construction of walls because the workers needed places to stay and things to buy |
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| mid 1500's to mid 1600's, studied at University of Padua, worked for Republic of Venice, created the military compass, created the telescope, social use of the telescope: Patronage, caught in the counter reformation era, published Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems and Discourses on the Two New Sciences which were two documents that stated he believed in religion and science, Church silence him in fear of appearing weak, had lasting effect on people |
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| Mathematical system of creating the illusion of space and distance on a flat surface like a canvas, developed by Leonardo Da Vinci in the 1500's, perspective that made paitnings look "real", gave paitnings depth and distance, seeming decrease in size of objects as it moves farther from the eye, major part of the Renaissance paitnings, one reason why the paintins became so different and elaborate |
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| 1455, Gutenberg major figure, use of lamp black and linseed oil as a form of ink, linseed oil stuck to the metal better, didn't smear as easy and gave ability to creat the printing press. Individual letters were used, normally a printing-press had all the letters in a specific order so the person operating it wouldn't need to look at what letter they were grabbing, made production of books and documents much more efficient, allowed mass production, increased societies overall education and game more political power to the people |
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| Around 1380, large-calliber muzzle-loading medieval cannon or mortar, used during seiges. Used gun-powder to fire large stones at city fortresses or cities in general, caused the development of the trace italienne form of fortification, mostly used by the French, gave offense the upper hand for an extended period of time |
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| About 1700, demonstrated a model of the steam engine to the Royal Society who gave him permission to be the only one to construct a steam engine, patent for the "fire-engine", invented the first steam-engine, steam-engine helped increase efficiency and was a lage step in producing better and more advanced forms of creating energy in the future |
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| Mid 1400's, new ship that was faster than the clinker, more maneuverable, built so wooden planks were smooth and didn't overlap like they did in the clinker, lateen sail gave ability to steer sharply and make turns at a fast pace, could easily outrun pirates with the new speed, allowed for faster transportation and transportaion of luxury goods because it could outrun pirates, gave ability to explore more of the world, used by Prince Henry the Navigator in order to gather more information about the world |
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| Written by Georgius Agricola in 1556, document explaing why it is ok to mine, pointed out that fish live deep in the sea and when someone goes fishing they go deep into the sea but nobody cares so why does it matter if you mine? Gave people a reason why it's ok to mine, gave moral permission to the people, encouraged investment by the people and government, also gave a detailed description of mining, how to find a good place to mine, and how to construct a shaft |
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