Term
| What are the 6 categories of hepato-toxic injury? |
|
Definition
-pdn of metabolites
-formation of adducts forming neogens
-trigger apoptosis
-damage cell membranes
-disrupt pumps for secretion of bile
-damage cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| What is the acute cell response to toxic liver lesions? |
|
Definition
-swelling
-lipid accumulation
-necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What does acute liver intoxication cause? Clinical signs? |
|
Definition
-acute liver failure may occur if significant functional mass is lost
-CS: anorexia, vague GI signs, abdominal pain, neuro distrubances |
|
|
Term
| What lesions does acute fatal liver intoxication cause? |
|
Definition
-deep reddish purple swollen liver: zonal pattern
0edema of gallbladder wall and attachments
-widespread terminal hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| True or FAlse: Acute fatal liver intox causes icterus and/or photosensitization. |
|
Definition
| -FALSE, does not cause these |
|
|
Term
| What are predictalbe (intrinsic) hepatotoxins? |
|
Definition
-cause hepatic injury in all susceptble animals receiving a sufficient dose
-majority of cases |
|
|
Term
| What are idiosyncratic liver toxins? |
|
Definition
| -cause hepatic injury in a minority of exposed animals that is typically not dose-related |
|
|
Term
| What causes the toxicity of blue-green algae? |
|
Definition
-protozoa
-dead or dying algae have preformed toxin: accumulates in water, late summer to early fall |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical outcomes of blue-green algae? |
|
Definition
-acute intoxication in livestock
-diarrhea, prostration, and death: due to fast death factor |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to blue-green algae? |
|
Definition
-zonal to massize hepatic necrosis
-red, swollen, hemorrhagic liver
-hemorrhagic gastroenteritis |
|
|
Term
| What are the systemic signs of liver failure? |
|
Definition
-icterus
-hepatic encephaopathy
-photosensitization |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism behind herbivore photosensitization due to chronic liver failure? |
|
Definition
| -chlorophyll => phylloerythrin => accumulates in skin => photosensitization |
|
|
Term
| HOw do animals consume pyrrolizidine alkaloids? |
|
Definition
-consumption of plants: Senecio, Cynoglossum, Crotolaria, Heliotropium
-alkaloids are metabolized to reactive pyrroles by MFO system |
|
|
Term
| What do pyrrolizidine alkaloids do inthe body? |
|
Definition
| -interfere w/ mitosis in hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do pyrrolizidine alkaloids cause? |
|
Definition
-CHRONIC
-fibrosis, nodular regen, biliary hyperplasia
-crhonic damage = liver failure |
|
|
Term
| Where do aflatoxins come from? What do they do in the body? |
|
Definition
-Aspergillus flavis: metabolized by MFOs to toxic pdts
-in RNA and protein synth at high doses
-commonly in fungal contaminated feed: corn, peanuts,and cotton seed |
|
|
Term
| Which spp are most commonly affected by aflatoxins? |
|
Definition
| -pigs, dogs, horses, cattle: young especially |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to acute aflatoxins? Which species? |
|
Definition
-centrilobular to massive hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage
-dogs |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to chronic aflatoxins? |
|
Definition
-pale, fibrotic, and bile-staine dliver
-lipidosis and necrosis of cells, fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| Which muschroom leads to liver failure? Lesions? Clinical signs? |
|
Definition
-Amanita phalloides (aka death cap)
-shrunken liver w/ hemorrhages
-loss of hepatoytes and lipidosis, death in 3-4d |
|
|
Term
| What kind of hepatoxin is Acetaminophen? Which sp? CS? |
|
Definition
-intrinsic
-cats > dogs
-heinz bdy anemia |
|
|
Term
| HOw do anticonvulsants affect the liver? CS? |
|
Definition
-chronic hepatotoxicity in small proportion of treated dogs: idiosyncratic hepatotoxin
-end-stage liver: ascites, jaundice, and coagulopathy |
|
|
Term
| What kind of rxn does Diazepam cause in liver? Spp? CS? |
|
Definition
-idiosyncratic: inherited hepatic enzyme difference
-cats
-inappetence, vomiting, lethargy, jaudce |
|
|
Term
| What kind of rxn does Trimethoprim-sulfa cause in the liver? Which species? Lesions? |
|
Definition
-acute hepatic injury (idiosyncratic)
-dogs
-submassive to massive hepatic necrosis, sometimes bile duct destruction |
|
|
Term
| What kind of rxn does Carprofen cause in the liver? Species? CS? |
|
Definition
-acute idiosyncratic hepatic necrosis
-dogs
-anorexia, vomiting, lethargy |
|
|
Term
| Which chemicals commonly affect the liver? |
|
Definition
-phosphorus
-carbon tetrachloride
-chronic copper accumulation in rums |
|
|
Term
| What is hepatocellular nodular hyperplasia? What does it look like? |
|
Definition
-age-related lesion commonly in dog only
-NOT ASSOC W/ DYSFUNCTION
-raised, red to yellow or tan, well-demarcated nodules |
|
|
Term
| What are regenerative nodules? Species affected? |
|
Definition
-proliferation of hepatocytes in response to hepatocellular loss or destruction
-ALL SPECIES |
|
|
Term
| What is the major difference functionally b/n nodular hyperplasia and nodular regen? |
|
Definition
-nodular regen = loses function
-nodular hyperplasia= architecture is saved and so is function |
|
|
Term
| Primary hepatic neoplasms can arise from which elements? Give examples of each. |
|
Definition
-Epi elements: adenomas/carcinomas from hepatocytes, bile duct epi
-Mesenchymal: sarcomas from CT or blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Majority of neoplasms in liver are what? |
|
Definition
| -metastases from other organs or sites |
|
|
Term
| What is hepatocellular adenoma? What does it look like? |
|
Definition
-uncommon benign neoplasm of hepatocytes
-single and well-demarcated |
|
|
Term
| What CS do we see with hepatocellular adenoma? |
|
Definition
-no clinical dz
-cannot be distinguished from nodular hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| What is hepatocelllular carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| -malignant neoplasm of hepatocytes uncommon in all species |
|
|
Term
| What do hepatocellualr carcinomas look like? |
|
Definition
-solitary and may involve entire love
-soft and friable
-gray-tan or yelow-brown tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of hepatocellular carcinomas? Where do they metastasize? |
|
Definition
-anorxia, vomiting, weakness, and lethargy
-hepatomegaly
-metastasize late in course of dz: lung and regional LN |
|
|
Term
| What are cholangiocellular adenomas? Species? |
|
Definition
-benign neoplasm of bile duct epi
-most common in cats but still uncommon |
|
|
Term
| What do cholangiocellular adenomas look like? |
|
Definition
-solitary, discrete, firm white or gray masses
-cystic variants may become large and compress but do not infiltrate or invade |
|
|
Term
| What are cholangiocellular carcinomas? Species? |
|
Definition
-malifnant neoplasma of bile duct epi
-MOST COMMON PRIMARY MALIGNANT TUMOR IN LIVER OF CATS |
|
|
Term
| What do cholangiocellular carcinomas look like? |
|
Definition
-multiple disseminated nodules most common
-typically firm and raised, pale gray to toan masses, often w/ central depression |
|
|
Term
| Do cholangiocellular carcinomas met? |
|
Definition
-yes commonly met
-to lungs, regional LN |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are most commonly affected by hemangiosarcomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organs are involved in hemangiosarcomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs fo hemagiosarcomas? |
|
Definition
-weakness, abdominal distension, inc HR/RR, pale mucous membranes
-sudden death: severe heorrhage
-hemopericardium and RHF
-regen anemia |
|
|
Term
| Which liver lesiosn do we expect to see w/ R-sded heart failure (like with hemangiosarcomas)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give a few examples of mesenchymal neoplasms that arise in the lvier? ARe they common? |
|
Definition
-NOT COMMON AT ALL
-fibrosarcoma
-hemangiosarcoma
-leiomyosarcoma
-histiocytic sarcoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common sites for neoplastic metastasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are metastatic or primary neoplasms more common in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is malignant lymphoma? Lesions? |
|
Definition
-common metastatic neoplasm in liver
-hepatomegaly and enhanced lobular pattern |
|
|
Term
| True or FAlse: Live may be nearly replaced by neoplasm before icterus and other signs of liber involvement are seen. |
|
Definition
| -TRUE, need to kill about 85% of liver before signs happen |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Biliary carcinomas and metastatic carcinomas are often umbilicated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the gallbladder? |
|
Definition
| -stores and concentrates bile |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of bile? |
|
Definition
-bile acids for fat digestion
-excretory route for metabolites and drgus
-buffers to neutralize acid pH of ingesta |
|
|
Term
| Which species don't have a gallbladder? |
|
Definition
-horse
-rat
-elephant
-dolphin
-llama |
|
|
Term
| Why is the gallbladder usually distended? |
|
Definition
| -anorexia: lack of cholecystokinin stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of gallbladder dz? |
|
Definition
| -vomiting, lethargy, anorexia, abdominal pain |
|
|
Term
| What gallbaldder dz commonly affects dogs? Which breed is predisposed? |
|
Definition
-gallbaldder mucoceles and gallbladder wall necrosis
-Shetland sheepdogs |
|
|
Term
| What are gallbladder mucoceles? |
|
Definition
| -distension of gallbladder by accumulated mucus in lumen |
|
|
Term
| Is gallbladder rupture common? What can it result from? |
|
Definition
-uncommon
-may result from: acute or chornic infection, traumatic insult, gallbladder mucocele |
|
|
Term
| How common are gallbladder mucoceles? |
|
Definition
| -reported in about half of dogs w/ gallbladder dz |
|
|
Term
| What results from gallbladder rupture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What usually causes biliary obstruction? |
|
Definition
-cholangitis or cholecystitis
-FB
-stenosis due to fibrosis and compression |
|
|
Term
| Complete obstruction of common bile duct leads to what? |
|
Definition
-extrahepatic holestasis
-acholic feces: pale
-icterus
-bile leakage into portal areas |
|
|
Term
| What are the typical clinical sings of obstruction of individual intrahepatic ducts? |
|
Definition
| -asymptomatic! has to be common bile duct or something large to have clinical signs |
|
|
Term
| How common are cholelithiasis? What do they develop secondary to? |
|
Definition
-uncommon
-develop secondary to chronic cholecystitis |
|
|
Term
| How do choleliths become clinically significant? |
|
Definition
-if they cause obstruction
-cause jaundice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of gallbladder |
|
|
Term
| What causes acute inflammation of gallbladder? |
|
Definition
| -viral infections: acite canine hepatitis (dogs), acute fibrinous cholecystitis (calves w/ salmonella) |
|
|
Term
| What causes chronic inflammation of gallbladder? |
|
Definition
-bacterial infection of biliary tree w/ reflux into gallbladder
-irritation from choleliths or parasites |
|
|
Term
| Which species get cystic mucinous hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
-dogs sheep
-older in dogs |
|
|
Term
| What does cystic mucinous hyperplasia look like? |
|
Definition
| -gray-white diffusely sponge-like mucosal lining |
|
|
Term
| What are the typical clinical signs of cystic mucinous hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
| -usually no significance! |
|
|
Term
| What are gallbladder adenomas? Species? Lesions? |
|
Definition
-benign
-rare except in cattle
-multinodular or papillary masses from mucosal surface |
|
|
Term
| What are gallbladder carcinomas? |
|
Definition
-rare in domestic animals
-may invade liver directly or met |
|
|
Term
| LOOK AT IMPORTANT POINTS AT END OF LECTURE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the potential consequences of cholecystitis? |
|
Definition
-rupture possible but uncommon
-cholelith formation
-obstruction from inspissated bile/inflammatory debris |
|
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