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Exam Four
Viral disease, bacterial disease, HIV/AIDS
131
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
04/03/2014

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
URT
Definition
Upper Respiratory Tract
Term
LRT
Definition
Lower Respiratory Tract
Term
A defensive mechanism to clear microbes or foreign material from the airways via the ciliated epithelium
Definition
Mucociliary Clearance
Term
What bacteria causes strep throat?
Definition
Streptococcus Pyogenes. GAS (group A strep)
Term
What part of the throat does strep throat affect?
Definition
The soft palate
Term
If not treated, this can lead to kidney (nephritis)/heart problems (endocarditis) which can lead to rheumatic fever.
Definition
Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat)
Term
Strep grows on blood agar plates because it is ____ or is able to break down RBC's
Definition
Hemolytic
Term
Bacterial disease spread through respiratory droplets. Involves normal microbiota, is an opportunistic pathogen. Can be a secondary infection after a viral infection. If not treated, leads to heart/kidney problems
Definition
Strep Throat (streptococcus pyogenes)
Term
What bacteria causes diptheria?
Definition
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Term
This bacterial disease (from club shaped bacteria-pallisade arrangement) leads to an infection of the throat and tongue and involves a pseudomembrane. Is no longer a part of human microbiota. Is spread by respiratory droplets
Definition
Diptheria
Term
What is the vaccine for diptheria?
Definition
Dtap
Term
Is formed of mucus, dead tissue, WBC's, dead cell debris, etc. Name also what disease it is instrumental in.
Definition
Pseudomembrane; diptheria
Term
What bacteria causes epiglottitis?
Definition
Haemophilus influenzae
Term

Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:

 

Streptococcus pyogenes

Definition
Strep Throat
Term

Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:

 

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Definition
Diptheria
Term

Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:

 

Haemophilus influenzae

Definition
Epiglottitis
Term
Causes stridor in those infected (wheezing on inspiration/expiration that causes a high pitched sound). Can lead to shortness of breath, risk of airway losing patency. Frequent secondary invader to viral influenza.
Definition
Epiglottitis (haemophilus influenzae)
Term
What is the vaccine developed for epiglottitis?
Definition
Hib vaccine (haemophilus influenzae b vaccine)
Term

Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:

 

Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae & moraxella catarrhalis, staph, strep; less commonly gram neg. bacteria

Definition
Sinusitis
Term
Bacterial infection (sometimes viral) that can be acute or chronic. Is caused when normal microbiota overgrows and takes over. Less common to be caused by gram neg. bacteria. Hib vaccine can help reduce.
Definition
Sinusitis
Term
What vaccine can be used to help reduce incidences/severity of sinusitis?
Definition
Hib vaccine
Term
What are chronic infections of sinusitis usually related to?
Definition
Allergies, repeated secondary infection
Term
Bacterial infection of the outer ear. (from outside up to the tympanic membrane which is also known as the ear drum) Must be treated with topical antibiotics.
Definition
Swimmers ear.
Term

Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:

 

Staph, strep, pseudomonas (outer disease)

Definition
Swimmer's ear
Term
What bacteria commonly cause swimmer's ear? (3)
Definition
Staph, strep, pseudomonas
Term
What bacteria commonly cause a middle ear infection?
Definition

S. pneumoniae

H. infuenzae

Term
Commonly occurs following a throat infection because bacteria can grow up into the eustacian tubes that drain the ear.
Definition
Middle ear infection
Term
Eustacian tubes can become clogged with bacteria and mucus. Causes the ear drum to become inflammed; this is known as what?
Definition
Acute otitis media. (can also have long term or chronic otitis media - much more dangerous and run the risk of becoming deaf from damage to the middle ear)
Term
This is a bacterial infection (can also be viral or fungal) of the tissues that surround the brain and the spinal cord. When something has gotten past the blood/brain barrier there is also a risk of brain infection. Transmitted when in close contact with others for extended periods of time. Often do a spinal tap and analyze CSF. Spread by respiratory droplets. Treated with IV antibiotics.
Definition
Bacterial meningitis
Term

Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:

 

Neisseria meningitidis, other gram negative cocci

Definition
Bacterial meningitis
Term
What bacteria causes bacterial meningitis?
Definition
Nesseria meningitdis; other gram negative cocci
Term
How is bacterial meningitis detected?
Definition
Spinal tap and analysis of CSF
Term
What vaccine has reduced cases of bacterial meningitis?
Definition
Pneumonococcal Vaccine
Term
In the lining of epithelial tissue, this bacteria can be phagocytized but then it uses the WBC as a "trojan horse" to sneak past the body's immune defenses (tissue barrier) into the blood stream. Also, what two diseases are associated with this?
Definition

Neisseria

Bacterial Menigitis; Gonorrhea

Term
What bacteria causes TB?
Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Term

Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:

 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Definition
Tuberculosis (TB)
Term
This bacterial disease is characterized by chronic cough with blood tinged sputum, fever, night sweats. It is spread by respiratory droplets. 50% of the cases are in Southern Africa. Treated with a very long course of antibiotics.
Definition
Tuberculosis (TB)
Term
This disease makes pockets within the lungs. Identify the disease and what these pockets are known as.
Definition
Tuberculosis; tubercules
Term

Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:

 

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis

Definition
Bronchitis
Term
Can be acute or chronic. Inflammation of the bronchi. Patients will cough up mucus. In cigarette smokers, they run a high risk of emphsyema which leads to COPD.
Definition
Bronchitis
Term
Microbial disease of the bronchials and lungs. It is caused by many different bacteria but most often it is caused by streptococcus pneumoniae. Can be hospital or community acquired. In this disease fluid fills the sacs (alveoli) in lungs and prevents gas exchange from occuring and patient essentially drowns
Definition
Pneumonia
Term

Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:

 

Many different ones can cause it; most commonly streptococcus pneumoniae

Definition
Pneumonia
Term
This disease, which is hospital acquried, is a potentially fatal pneumonia that is caused by a gram negative bacteria that is carried by amoeba that thrive in stagnant water. Particularly a problem with patients who are on ventilators.
Definition
Legionnaires disease
Term
This is part of female microbiota that creates a lower pH in the vagina. Plays a role in acquiring STD's.
Definition
Lactobacillus
Term

Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:

 

Propionibacterium acnes

Definition
Acne. Acne bacteria likes acidic environments; plays a large role in puberty
Term
This is a bacterial STD that is easily treatable. It doesn't really present with symptoms at the beginning of infection. Can cause urethritis, PID, ectopic pregnancy, nenonatal pneumonia/conjunctivitis. Most common STD globally and most frequently reported in the US. Caused by gram neg bacteria
Definition
Chlamydia
Term
What antibiotics is chlamydia commonly treated with?
Definition
Tetracyclines, azrithromycin, or erythromycin
Term
What bacteria causes Chlamydia?
Definition
Chlamydia trachomatis
Term

Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:

 

Chlamydia trachomatis

Definition
Chlamydia
Term

Name the disease caused by the following bacteria:

 

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Definition
Gonorrhea
Term
What bacteria causes gonorrhea?
Definition
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Term
What are the two diseases that are caused by Neisseria?
Definition
Gonorrhea & meningitis
Term
This is an STD that can lead to PID in women. Caused by gram - bacteria and is treated with beta lactam antibiotics. Second most reported STD in US, symptoms are more acute in males and therefore they seek diagnosis and treatment more readily.
Definition
Gonorrhea (neisseria gonorrhoeae)
Term
What kind of antibiotics are prescribed for treatment of gonorrhea?
Definition
Beta lactam antibiotics
Term

Infections caused by gram + or gram - bacteria.

Gram pos. (saprophyticus)

Gram neg. (psuedomonis, ecoli)

Often a result for women after sex.

Definition
UTI's
Term
Often a nosocomial infection. Spread by indirect contact with fecal contamination. Spores are involved in this disease and are very viable outside of the body. Development of pseudomembrane in colon, blocks nutrient absorption in patients.
Definition
C.Diff
Term
Enteric disease that is treated wtih metronidazole or vancomycin; fecal transplants
Definition
C.diff
Term
These are skin infections that can be spread by indirect or direct contact. Some species are pathogenic and some are not, there are over 30. The pathogenic species have a large set of virulence factors. Infection is characerized by localized collection of pus known as an abcess, boil, or furnucle.
Definition
Staph infection
Term

Identify the type of staph infection:

 

Causes a crusting of the skin

Definition
Impetigo
Term

Identify the type of staph infection:

 

Inflammation of the deeper layers of skin and CT under the skin, leading to swelling and redness of the area

Definition
Cellulitis
Term

Identify the type of staph infection:

 

Skin becomes red, wrinkled, and tender to the touch with a sandpaper appearance. Skin may just peel off.

Definition
Scalded Skin Syndrome
Term

Identify the type of staph infection:

 

Characterized by sudden fever and circulatory collapse, watery diarrhea, vomiting, sore gthroat, muscle aches, sunburn like rash.

Definition
Toxic shock syndrome
Term

Identify the type of staph infection:

 

inflammation of the breast caused by an infection in the breast feeding ducts

Definition
Mastitis
Term
Can be caused by bacteria or virus. Commonly known as "pink eye" If bacterial, it is commonly seen in both eyes and eyes will have "crusty" appearance when you wake up in the morning
Definition
Conjunctivitis (bacterial)
Term
Name two mycobacterium diseases.
Definition
TB and leprosy
Term
Disease that is not prevelant in the US. Caused by mycobacterium. Has to live and survive in host cells. At the worst point of disease, extremities fall off (slightly lower temp range than 37 degrees F) Spread by nasal secretions. Does not have a solid shape (pleomorphic) Produces a waxy layer of mycolic acid; virulence factor
Definition
Leprosy
Term

What disease is caused by the following bacteria:

 

Mycobacterium leprae

Definition
Leprosy
Term
What bacteria causes leprosy?
Definition
Mycobacterium leprae
Term
A metabolic poison, produced chiefly by gram negative bacteria that are part of the bacterial cell wall and consequently are released on cell disintegration. Composed of lipid polysaccharide peptide complexs
Definition
Endotoxin
Term
A bacterial metabolic poison composed of protein that is released to the environment; in the human body it can affect various organs and systems
Definition
Exotoxin
Term
A toxin that is active in the GI tract of the host.
Definition
Enterotoxin
Term
What kind of toxin is S. Aureus in foods?
Definition
Enterotoxin
Term
Illness of the bowels that causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. Food poisoning. Infected from others natural microbiota. Keep hot foods hot and cold foods hot. Likes to grow at middle temps.
Definition
Staph Aureus (enterotoxin)
Term
Enterotoxin that causes food poisoning. Is commonly a meat contaminate of ground beef (ground beef surface area has greatly increased in processing-leading to more chances of being infected by bacteria) Is a spore forming toxin.
Definition
Clostridium perfringens
Term
A toxin that can cause food poisoning. Grows in "cloud-like" formations on agar plates
Definition
Bacillus cereus
Term
This is a spore forming toxin that can grow in improperly canned food. Causes symmetric flaccidity of voluntary muscles.
Definition
Clostridum botulinum, causes botulism
Term
What cosmetic drug is derived from clostridium botulinum?
Definition
Botox
Term
Causes GI disease in humans, can also cause GI disease in dogs.
Definition
Campylobacter jejuni
Term
Causes ulcers. Antibiotics can treat these.
Definition
Heliobacter pylori
Term
Shiga toxin that infects intestines is produced. Causes about 1 million deaths across the world per year. AKA dysentary
Definition
Shigella
Term
Shiga toxin producing e.coli. Found in cattle, do not cause disease in cattle though.
Definition
E.Coli O157:H7
Term
Typhoid fever organism
Definition
Salmonella
Term
Gram negative, comma shaped bacterium that causes GI disease that leads to very watery diarrhea. Greatest risk is dehydration. Has a long tail and is very motile. Produces an enterotoxin. Transmitted through dirty water (fecal/oral)
Definition
Cholera
Term
Treatments for this disease include rehydration, IV fluids, antibiotics, zinc supplements
Definition
Cholera
Term
Disease by helminths is disease by what?
Definition
Worms!
Term
This fungus causes yeast and thrush infections
Definition
Candidiasis
Term
Fungal skin disease that causes ring shaped lesions. This is because infection starts with a spore of fungus and grows outward. Transmitted through moist, fomite objects. Can also be spread from animals
Definition
Ringworm (tinea)
Term
While there are many types of ringworm, what fungus causes it?
Definition
Tinea (pedis, capitis, cruris, unguium, etc)
Term
Unicellular fungi. Can cause vaginal infection and infection of the tongue/throat. Forms pseudohyphae and spreads through this.
Definition
Yeast infection (candida albicans)
Term
What is the fungus that causes yeast infections?
Definition
Candida albicans
Term
What are yeast infections treated with?
Definition

Vaginal - monistat, amphotericin B, nystatin

Thrush - nystatin

Term
This is a fungal infection that causes lung disease of the lower respiratory tract. Found in NYC where window air conditioners were used and spread through bird droppings. Acquired through inhalation
Definition
Cryptococcosis (cryptococcus neoformans)
Term
This is a fungal infection of the LRT that causes ohio valley lung disease. It is local and is found from bats, caves, chicken coops, spread by spores.
Definition
Histoplasmosis (histoplasma capsulatum)
Term
This is a fungal cause of LRT lung disease that causes valley or desert fever.
Definition
Coccidiodomycosis
Term
What drug is commonly used to combat fungal infections?
Definition
Amphotercin B
Term
What does Amphotericin B attack? What must we be careful of when we use this drug?
Definition
It attacks the sterol type membrane of cells. This causes cells to become leaky which results in cell death. Since these are eukaryotic and this drug is selectively toxic, we must ensure that the theraputic dose is low because it is decently toxic to humans
Term
What is the drug that is used to treat many protozoan infections and how does it work?
Definition
Metronidazole; attacks many enzymes
Term
Protozoan infection in which a cyst forms and enters host through food or water. Travelers acquire this often. Avoid fruit and water in foreign countries.
Definition
Amoebic dysentery
Term
Blood disease that needs 2 hosts to survive. Needs humans and mosquitoes to be transmitted. Disease is transmitted by insects (insect vector) It is hard to control because we cannot control insects very well.
Definition
Malaria
Term
What is the genus of mosquito that carries malaria?
Definition
Amophelus
Term
What is the protozoan infection that causes malaria?
Definition
Plasmodium
Term
Saliva glands in mosquitoes transmit _____ into human blood stream. These then infect liver cells and transform into ____
Definition

Sporozites

Mesozoites

Term
If an invidual carries __ copie(s) of _____ they are more protected against malaria
Definition
1 copy; sickle cell anemia
Term
What are the immune cells that play a role in HIV?
Definition
Helper T cells; these have the CD-4 receptor on them.
Term
What animal did HIV come from?
Definition
Chimpanzees
Term
What cells kill HIV infected T cells?
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells. Damage to T cells causes WBC's to lyse which accounts for why HIV patients are so immunocompromised.
Term
Infections acquired after HIV are known as what? What do they lead to?
Definition
Secondary infections; lead to AIDS (syndrome that arises from HIV infection, make take many years to come about)
Term
What is the virus that leads to burketts lymphoma and kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients?
Definition
HHV-8. This is a herpes virus
Term
The viral genome that enters the host cell is RNA. Carries reverse transcriptase.
Definition
Reterovirus; this is how the HIV virus is
Term
Takes the RNA and transcribes it to something else. It reverse transcribes it into DNA so that it can be inserted into the host cell's DNA. Allows it to be latent for awhile
Definition

Reverse transcriptase

 

Term
Enzyme that takes the DNA reverse transcriptase made and integrates it into the host cell's DNA
Definition
Integrase
Term
Is HIV enveloped or non enveloped?
Definition
Enveloped
Term
Antigen on the outside of the HIV cell that is a coreceptor for CD-4. If we can block this, we can slow the spread of disease.
Definition
GP120
Term
What is the antiviral drug that can help block the spread of HIV?
Definition
Aclyvoir
Term
What is the gene that helps protect against HIV?
Definition
CCR5
Term
What is the reservoir for ebola?
Definition
Fruit bats
Term
Very detrimental disease that is a virus and causes hemorrhagic fever; RNA virus
Definition
Ebola
Term
Intracellular particles that are either DNA or RNA
Definition
Viruses
Term
The virus is specific to host and tissue
Definition
Tropism
Term
Bovine spungiform encephalitis
Definition
Mad Cow disease
Term
Naked "RNA" fragments of nucleic acids, found infecting potatoes, only about 359 nucleotides. Associated mostly with plants
Definition
Viroids
Term
Associated with humans. Involved in brain deterioration. proteins that are being produced get a kink and are folded in the wrong way. Kink more and almost become a self-replicating protein
Definition
Prions
Term
What do these diseases come from? CJD, cattle BSE
Definition
Prions
Term
Common cold virus. ssRNA about 100 different strains. Spread by respiratory droplets
Definition
Rhinovirus
Term
Virus that causes pink eye; can also cause upper respiratory tract infection
Definition
Adenovirus
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