Term
| What are the basic techniques of examining? |
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Definition
- Visual inspection
- palpation-touching, is it soft/hard? painful? purulence? (puss)
- probing-touching with instrument
- percussion-percuss something
- diascopy-use glass slide to put over lesion to see if it blanches (vascular)
- auscultation-listening with stethoscope
- aspiration-drawing out fluid
- evaluation of function-rehab: to make them open wider
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Term
| What is the general appraisal of extraoral clinical examination? |
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Definition
Objective: obtain a general idea of the patient's physical status
stature and nutritional status
Gait and posture
Upper extremities
Vital signs |
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Term
| What all must you do to check the vital signs? |
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Definition
Blood pressure
pulse rate
respiration rate
oral temperature
Usually reserved to when suspect:
- systemic illness
- systemic response secondary to dental infection
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Term
| How do you check the pulse? What is considered normal? |
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Definition
Palpate radial artery (thumb side of arm)
use fingertips
compress artery
evaluate rhythm and volume
Normal=72 beats/min |
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Term
| What is the respiration rate? How do you check it and what is normal? |
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Definition
Number of inspirations/minute
Watch patient's chest rise and fall
normal rate=14-18/minute |
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Term
| What is the definition of blood pressure? What do we use to measure it? |
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Definition
Force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels
Arterial pressure
Sphygmomanometer |
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Term
| What are the 2 different types of sphygmomanometer? What does spygmomanometer mean? |
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Definition
- Aneroid sphygmomanometer
- digital sphygmomanometer (not as accurate)
sphygo: greek sphygmos, pulse
manometer: pressure meter |
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Term
| What techniques does the sphygmomanometer use? What is bp measured in? |
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Definition
Palpated or ausculated
measured in mmHg |
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Term
| What is the peak pressure in the arteries and occurs near the beginning of cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
| systolic arterial pressure |
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Term
| What is the lowest pressure and is at the resting phase of the cardiac cycle |
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Definition
| diastolic arterial pressure |
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Term
| Describe the technique to taking blood pressure |
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Definition
- Patient seated upright and resting
- artery positioned at heart level
- cuff placed ~1 inch above antecubital fossa (depression in front elbow)
- Radial (or brachial) artery palpated, cuff inflated until disappears=estimated systolic pressure
- after 1 min. place stethoscope over the brachial artery and inflate cuff
- deflate cuff ~3 mm/second
- Auscultate the KOROTKOFF SOUNDS
- 1st sound=systolic pressure
- sound disappears=diastolic pressure
- if an auscultatory gap is present, then record 2nd diastolic pressure
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Term
| What is normal? Prehypertension? What is stage 1 hypertensive? stage 2 hypertension? Stage 3? |
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Definition
Normal: <120/<80
Prehypertensive: 120-139/80-89
Stage 1 hypertension: 140-159/90-99
Stage 2 hypertension: > or = 160/ > or = 100
Stage 3 hypertension: >180/>110
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Term
| Can stage 1 hypertension patients be good candidates for all dental procedures? What would require a patient to be hospitalized? What BP would need to be referred for immediate medical evaluation? |
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Definition
- Yes
- Patients with markedly elevated BP (180-209/110-119) and acute target-organ damage (ex: prior myocardial infarction and unstable angina)
- If marked BP elevation but not acute target -organ damage usually can be managed by immediate combination oral antihypertensive therapy
- >210/120 mmHG
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Term
| What is the cutoff point for many dental clinicians for offering urgent treatment without medical consultation and referral? |
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Definition
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Term
| Any patient, especially an older patient who is taking multiple medications for hypertension, is at risk of developing _______ if he/she attempts to stand upright immediately after being in a reclining or supine position for a prolonged period |
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Definition
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