Term
| Describe the Bones of the Lower Limb from Superior to Inferior from the Anterior View |
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Definition
Os coxae: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
Femur
Patella
Tibia/Fibula (smaller on side)
Talus/Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuneiforms/Cuboid
Metatarsals
Phlanges |
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Term
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Definition
Angle that measures the oblique nature of the femur
-Straight vertical line as reference measured from midpoint of patella to tibial tuberosity
-Q line from anterior superior iliac spine to midpoint of patella
*women have larger Q angle because of wider hips |
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Term
Describe the Femur: Proximal
1. Size
2. Basic Anatomy
3. Features |
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Definition
1. largest and heaviest bone in body
2. Head, Neck, Greater Trochanter (anterior, lateral), Lesser Troch (post, medial)
3. tip of head is Fovea capitis (attachment for hip ligament)
Gluteal Tuberosity: gives rise to linea aspera (posterior)
Inter Trochanteric crest connects posteriorly |
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Term
| Describe the Femur: Angle of Inclination and Torsional Angle |
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Definition
Angle measured from the neck of the femur down to the shaft
-increases with age (135->120)
-decrease in angle as a result of osteoporosis
Torsional Angle
-angle at which head inserts into pelvis
-actually slightly faces forward as anteriomedially
7 in men and 12 in women |
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Term
Describe the Femur: Distal
1. Basic Anatomy
2. Features |
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Definition
1. diaphysis widens distally to form condyles to articulate tibia at knee
2. intercondylar fossa forms in between posteriorly
-medial and lateral epicondyles superior to condyles
-smooth popliteal surface between condylar lines posteriorly |
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Term
Describe the Tibia
1. Proximal
2. Distal |
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Definition
shin bone, second largest in body
1. articulates with femur
-femoral condyles rest on tibial plateaus separated by intercondylar eminence
Meniscus: cartilage that provide cushion between femur and tibia
Tibial Tuberosity: attachment for quads
2. articulates with Talus at medial malleolus
-forms mortise-and-tenon joint at ankle |
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Term
Describe the Fibula
1. Proximal
2. Distal |
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Definition
primarily attachment for foot muscles
1. held to tibia by interosseus membrane down length of bone
2. articulates with Talus and forms lateral malleolus |
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Term
| Describe the Tarsal and the ForeFoot Bones |
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Definition
Tarsal:
Calcaneus/Talus (medial)
Cuboid/Navicular (medial)
Cuneiforms (1st-2nd-3rd)
ForeFoot:
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges |
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Term
Describe the Lower Limb Compartments
1. Thigh
2. Lower Leg |
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Definition
1. Anterior: thigh flexors/leg extensors (quads), thigh abductors
Posterior: thigh extensors/leg flexors (hamstrings), thigh abductors
Medial: thigh abductors
2. Anterior: dorsiflexors
Posterior: plantar flexors
Lateral: everters |
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Term
| Describe the Superficial Veins of the Lower Limb |
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Definition
Small Saphenous: drains lateral side of foot up to front of knee
-drains into popliteal vein
Great Saphenous: medial side that runs entire length of leg
-drains into femoral vein |
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Term
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Definition
Anterior Tibial: drains dorsal arch
Post Tibial and Fibular: drains medial and lateral plantar veins
All 3 drain into Popliteal->Femoral->Ext Iliac |
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Term
| Describe the difference between Deep and Superficial Veins of the Lower Limb |
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Definition
Deep: accompany arteries in vascular sheath
-counter current heat exchange
-arterial pressure helps push venous blood back
Superficial: flying solo |
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Term
Describe Muscles of the Anterior Compartment
Hip Flexors |
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Definition
1. Pectineus: pubis to femur
2. Iliopsoas: ilium to just below epiphysis of femur
3. Sartorius: anterior iliac spine to medial tibia
-crosses hip and knee joint |
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Term
Describe Muscles of the Anterior Compartment
Quadriceps |
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Definition
Hip Flexor
1. Rectus femoris: anterior inferior iliac spine to patellar tendon
-straight down the middle
Knee Extensors
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Vastus medialis
4. Vastus intermedius |
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Term
Describe the Patella
1. Bone
2. Ligament
3. Attachment
4. |
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Definition
1. largest sesamoid bone in body
-floats in front of suprapatellar bursa
2. ligament attaches to tibial tuberosity
3. muscles of quadriceps femoris attach via quad tendon
4. increase lever arm of quads to increase power |
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Term
| Describe the muscles of the Medial Compartment |
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Definition
*adductors
adductor brevis- small groin
adductor longus- medium in between brev and mag
adductor magnus- central large, strongest
gracilis- thin, medial, connects to hip to knee
obturator externus- up near pelvis, weakest |
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Term
| Describe the 3 muscles in the leg that span two joints |
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Definition
Anterior: sartorius
Medial: gracilis
Posterior: semitendinosus
Converge to form Pes anserinus
-stabilize medially (like IT band laterally) |
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Term
| Describe the Gluteal Muscles: Superficial |
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Definition
Gluteus Max- extends thigh, used to stand when sitting
Glut Med- abductor
Glut Min- abduct
Tensor Fascia Latae- abductor, connects to IT band on lateral anterior side |
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Term
| Describe the Gluteal Muscles: Deep |
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Definition
*laterally rotate thigh when walking and stabilize femoral head in acetabulum
Piriformis- through foramen
Obturator internus
Triceps Coxae:
Sup gemellus- bottom of ischium to femur
Inf gemellus- bottom of ischium to femur
Quadratus femoris- trochanters to top of pubis |
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Term
| Describe the Sciatic Nerve and Vasculature of Lower Limb |
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Definition
largest nerve in body
-passes through greater sciatic foramen and gluteal muscles
-bifurcates at knee to become tibial (medial) and common fibular (lateral)
-normally passes under piriformis
Aorta-Iliac-External/Internal
External-Femoral (leg)
Internal (gluteal) |
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Term
| Describe the Muscles of the Posterior Compartment |
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Definition
Span hip (extension) and knee (flexion)
Biceps femoris- two parts, lateral, attaches to head of fibula
Semitendinosus- central
Semimembranosus- medial, attaches to medial condyle of tibia |
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Term
| Describe the Muscles of the Lower Leg: Anterior |
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Definition
Extensor hallucis longus: dorsiflex big toe
Extensor digitorum longus: dorsiflex other 4 toes
Tibialis anterior: inserts under medial cuneiform; dorsiflex ankle and invert foot
Fibularis tertius: inserts on lateral side; dorsiflex ankle and every foot |
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Term
| Describe the Muscles of the Lower Leg: Lateral |
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Definition
Fibularis longus: crosses over and inserts on 1st metatarsal
Fibularis brevis: inserts on 5th metatarsal
Function: Eversion of foot
-fix medial margin during walking |
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Term
| Describe the Muscles of the Lower Leg: Superficial Posterior |
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Definition
Plantaris: small muscle with long tendon
-proprioception
Triceps Surae- share achilles tendon
1. Two heads of Gastrocnemius: fast twitch muscle for running, jumping
-most superficial
2. Soleus: slow twitch muscle that does not fatigue
-stroll with soleus |
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Term
| Describe the Muscles of the Lower Leg: Deep Posterior |
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Definition
Popliteus: behind the knee
-stabilizes lateral meniscus and PCL when flexing knee
Tibialis Posterior: deepest muscle, wraps down around medial malleolus
-invert and plantarflex
-support Tib Ant but fixing medial arch
Flexor hallucis longus: tendon wraps underneath foot
-flexes big toe (stronger than FDL)
Flexor digitorus longus: tendon wraps underneath foot
-flexes other 4 toes |
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Term
| Describe the Vasculature of the Leg |
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Definition
Anterior: Femoral-Popliteal-Anterior Tibial-Dorsal pedalis
Posterior: Femoral-Pop-Post Tib/Fibular |
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Term
Describe the Foot
1. Bones
2. 3 Zones |
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Definition
1. 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges
2. Hindfoot: talus and calcaneus
Midfoot: navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms
Forefoot: metatarsals and phalanges |
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Term
Describe the Arches in the Feet
1. 3 types
2. Natural support system |
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Definition
1. Medial Longitudinal: cornerstone=talus
Lateral Long: cornerstone=cuboid
Transverse: viewed from anterior (2nd metatarsal) or posterior (intermediate cuneiform)
2. weight goes from tibia to talus to forefoot by spring ligament (connects calcaneus just under talus to navicular)
-plantar fascia supports on sole of foot
Muscles: active support
Fascia and ligaments: passive |
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Term
| Describe the muscles of the foot: Dorsum |
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Definition
*most superficial layer on top
Extensor hallucis brevis: extends big toe
-pulls together sesamoids
Extensor digitorum brevis: extends other 4 toes |
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Term
| Describe the muscles of the foot: Layer 1 |
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Definition
*most superficial on bottom
From medial to lateral (inferior view)
Abductor hallcuis: abducts big toe
Flexor digitorum brevis: flexes other 4 toes
Abductor digiti minimi: abducts pinky toe |
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Term
| Describe the muscles of the foot: Layer 2 |
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Definition
Quadratus plantae- flex toes
Lumbricals (4)- flexion at MTP |
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Term
| Describe the muscles of the foot: Layer 3 |
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Definition
Medial to lateral (inferior view)
Flexor hallucis brevis: flex big toe
Adductor hallcuis: adduct big toe
Flexor digiti minimi brevis: flexes pinky toe |
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Term
| Describe the muscles of the foot: Layer 4 |
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Definition
3 Plantar interossei- adduction (PAD)
4 dorsal interossei- abduction (DAB) |
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Term
Describe Innervation of the Foot
1. Saphenous
2. Superficial Fibular
3. Deep Fibular
4. Medial Plantar
5. Lateral Plantar
6. Sural
7. Calcaneal |
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Definition
1. down medial malleolus
2. main part of dorsum and continues to toes
3. inbetween 1st and 2nd toe
4. sole of foot from heel to big toe to 4th toe
5. sole of foot from heel to 4th toe to 5th toe
6. lateral side
7. heel |
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Term
| Describe the Vasculature of the Foot |
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Definition
Arteries
Sole: Post Tibial artery
Dorsum: Ant Tibial artery
-when standing for a while all from Ant Tib
Veins
-drained to superficial veins then to -> saphenous vein |
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Term
Describe the following Foot Maladies
1. Halux Valgus
2. Bunions
3. Hammer Toe
4. Ingrown Toe Nail |
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Definition
1. abnormal deviation of big toe laterally towards other toes
2. abnormal enlargement of 1st MTP joint
-can be bony or burial
3. extensor tendons are too long or flexors are too short
4. too much pressure on toes |
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Term
| Describe the Windlass Mechanism |
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Definition
1. when triceps surae lift heel off ground, plantar aponeurosis tightens up and shortens
2. pulls bone together to lock joints
*turns flexible landing platform into rigid propulsion rod |
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