Term
The endocardium
-covers the inner surfaces of the heart and heart valves
-is continuous with the endothelium of the great vessels
-is attached to the myocardium
-covers the inner surfaces of the heart and heart valves AND is continuous with the endothelium of the great vessels
-all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The framework of fibrous tissue in the heart
-supports heart valves
-strengthens connections with the great vessels
-helps provide electrical isolation for the chambers of the heart from each other.
-all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The heart contracts one chamber at a time. The right atrium contracts, then the right ventricle, followed by the left atrium and left ventricle. That way the flow of blood is continuous and linear
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
In times of increased cardiac output, blood may move directly from the right to the left ventricle through the interventricular valve. This allows more blood to be shunted to the systemic circuit where it's needed.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
ON NPR this morning I heard a story about a woman who had a stroke at age 37. Her docotors found nthat blood was moving from the left to the tright atrium and the turbulent flow had created a blood clot which had travelled downstream and caused the stroke. What is the most likely scenario?
-a patent (open) ductus arteriosus
-a prolapsed mitral valve
-regurgitation from the tricuspid valve
-a patent foramen ovale
-the coronary sinus was probably emptying into the wrong atrium |
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Definition
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Term
The left coronary artery branches into the circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
These structures empty into the right atrim:
-superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava
-coronary artery
-superior AND inferior vena cava
-all of the above |
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Definition
| superior AND inferior vena cava |
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Term
You're a drop of blood in the left ventricle during very early ventricular systole. What is happening to you?
-you aren't moving at all
-you're getting shoved into the pulmonary trunk
-you're zipping past the aortic semilunar valve
-you're passing into the left atrium
-you're moving into the vena cavae |
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Definition
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Term
When observing the sternocostal aspect of the heart, both auricles are visible.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
The coronary sinus is found in the coronary sulcus.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
What ion is responsible for the increased absolute refractory period of cardiac myocytes as compared with skeletal muscle cells?
-calcium
-chloride
-potassium
-sodium |
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Definition
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Term
The AV node, Bundle of His, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers are nerves found in the heart that manipulate the speed of the impulses that cause the ventricles to contract so that they contract at just the right time.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
What is it about the AV node that makes it the pacemaker of the heart?
-it spontaneously depolarizes faster than any other cell in the heart
-it spontaneously hyperpolarizes faster than any other cell in the heart
-it is the spot that the Great Cardiac Nerve enters the heart and sets the pace
-leaky calcium channels
-it isn't the pacemaker of the heart |
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Definition
| it isn't the pacemaker of the heart |
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Term
A premature ventricular contraction (PVC) is the out-of-sync firing of an ectopic focus.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Purkinje fibers radiate from the base of the heart towards the apex, so the wave of depolarization (and contraction) begins at the base and spreads toward the apex.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
What is happening during the majority of one cardiac cylce?
-ejection of blood through the semilunar vvalves
-all valves are open
-passive filling
-all valves are closed
-none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
End-diastolic volume represents
-the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole
-the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of atrial systole
-the amount of blood ejected during ventricular ssytole
-the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole AND the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole
-all of the above |
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Definition
| -the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole AND the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole |
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Term
In a normal cardiac cycle, which of the following events happens first?
-AV valves close
-the Purkinje fibers depolarize
-the semilunar valves open
-the end-diastolic volume peaks
-atrial systole |
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Definition
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Term
During a normal cardiac cycle, each chamber undergoes diastole once and systole once.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Heart sounds are due to
-the heart valves opening
-the heart valves closing
-repolarization of the atria and ventricle
-referred breathing sounds
-movement of the ribs, secondary to the heart pressing against them dring contraction and relaxation |
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Definition
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Term
Atrial systole causes the AV valves to open.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Cardiac output (CO) is
-heart rate (beats/min) X stroke volume (mls/beat)
-the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
-increased by vagal stimulation
-heart rate (beats/min) X stroke volume (mls/beat) AND the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
-all of the above |
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Definition
| heart rate (beats/min) X stroke volume (mls/beat) AND the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute |
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Term
The nervous system modulates cardiac rate by direct innervation of the valves of the heart. Sympathetci stimulation directly speeds up the valves and parasympathetic stimulation slows them down.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
The majority of the EDV is contributed during passive filling.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Where is pressure the highest?
-the pulmonary trunk
-the aorta
-the right ventricle during its systole
-the left atria during its systole
-the pulmonary arteries |
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Definition
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Term
Parasympathetic stimulation of the heart causes
-increased depolarization secondary to increased sodium inflow
-increased hyperpolarization secondary to increased sodium outflow
-increased hyperpolarization secondary to increased calcium inflow
-increased hyperpolarization secondary to increased potassium outflow
-increased depolarization secondary to increased calcium inflow |
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Definition
| increased hyperpolarization secondary to increased potassium outflow |
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Term
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart causes
-increased depolarization secondary to increased sodium inflow
-incraseed hyperpolarization secondary to increased sodium outflow
-increased hyperpolarization secondary to increased calcium inflow
-increased hyperpolarization secondary to increased potassium outflow
-increased depolarization secondary to increased calcium inflow |
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Definition
| increased depolarization secondary to increased calcium inflow |
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Term
Heart rate and contractility may be increased by:
-epinephrine/norepinphrine
-T3/T4
-Great Cardiac nerve stimulation
-all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Hormones, by definition, have no effect on cardiac output.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Autonomic impulses to the heart are generated where?
-reflex centers in the medulla
-the SA node
-the AV node
-the vagus nerve
-the thalmus |
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Definition
| reflex centers in the medulla |
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Term
Chemoreceptors affecting heart rate are stimulated by
-O2
-CO2
-nitric oxide
-O2 AND CO2
-all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
An increase in blood pressure in the head/neck region will lead to a decrease in heart rate. This is known as the
-atrial reflex
-barostatic reflex
-Bainbridge reflex |
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Definition
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Term
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart: stroke volume is inversely proportional to the end diastolic volume. i.e. the ventricles eject less blood than they receive. Within limits, the more they are stretched, the less they contract on the next beat.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
If you increase the systemic and pulmonary blood pressure, which of the following factors will be directly affected?
-preload
-contractility
-afterload |
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Definition
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Term
Increasing venous return wil directly affect which of the following factors?
-preload
-contractility
-afterload |
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Definition
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Term
Increasing End Systolic Volume will do what to the Stroke Volume?
-increase
-decrease
-have no effect |
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Definition
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Term
Decreasing venous return will do what to the Stroke Volume?
-increase
-decrease
-have no effect |
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Definition
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Term
Parasympathetic stimulation will ______ End Systolic Volume?
-increase
-decrease
-have no effect |
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Definition
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Term
Vasoconstriction will _______ End Systolic Volume?
-increase
-decrease
-have no effect |
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Definition
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Term
EDV is determined by available filling time and venous return
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
What is the effect of nicotine on heart rate?
-increase
-decrease
-no effect |
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Definition
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Term
| A drop of blood has just passed through the aortic semilunar valve. Name the next heart valve that drop of blood will pass through. |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of contraction is occurring during very early ventricular systole? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the proper term for the connection of seperate parts of a branching system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Papillary muscles contract during what specific phase of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the connecting structure between a papillary muscle and the cusp of an AV valve. |
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Definition
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Term
| What exactly causes the spontaneous depolarization of the cardiac pacemaker? This may be answered very briefly... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an area of dead cardiac muscle cells called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that increase contractility are positive ______ agents. Factors that reduce contractility are negative ________ agents. (one word that goes in both blanks) |
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Definition
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