Term
| what is definition of Competition? |
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Definition
| a reciprocally negative interaction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one species is not affected; the other species benefits |
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Term
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Definition
an intimate association between different species, often the result of co-evolution.
a symbiotic relationship can be positive, negative, or commensal |
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Term
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Definition
| The interaction between the two species is required for the survival of one or both species |
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Term
| Give an example of obligatory: |
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Definition
| specalized pollinators, host-specific parasites, mutualism in which a species cannot survive on its own. |
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Term
| What are the three levels of organization? |
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Definition
- population
- community
- ecosystem
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Term
| describe population level: |
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Definition
| predators, herbivores & parasites can regulate the population of the lower trophic level |
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Term
| describe community level: |
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Definition
at the community level, such interactions may drive some species extinct & change the community.
-or predators, parasites, and herbivores can allow coexistence of more species in the community. |
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Term
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Definition
| at the ecosystem level, such interactions provide a means of energy flow from one trophic level to another |
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Term
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Definition
| they kill living prey and consume them immediately |
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Term
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Definition
| they do not immediately kill their hosts. The host is stung and paralyzed. The parasitoid (usually a type of wasp) lays an egg which hatches into a larva. The larva then slowly consumes the host as it matures. The host eventually dies. |
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Term
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Definition
| they do not usually kill their hosts. They harvest energy over long period of time and reproduce copiously. |
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Term
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Definition
| first of all, they are similar to parasites. second of all, they do not usually kill the host plant, and do not consume the entire host. third of all, they usually consume specific plant parts (leaves, roots, etc). |
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Term
| what are the two types of parasites? |
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Definition
- ectoparasites
- endoparasites
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Term
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Definition
| live outside of the host (for example, a tick, right) |
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Term
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Definition
| live inside of the host (for example: a tapeworm) |
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Term
| what are some of the qualifications what make or allow parasites to differ? |
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Definition
- level of virulence (harm) to the host
- transmissibility (mode and ability to move from one host to another)
- host-specificity
- length of infectious period
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Term
| what do all parasites have? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do all parasites have? |
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Definition
| all parasites have the potential of reducing the fitness of the host. |
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Term
| what do social parasites do? |
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Definition
| they reduce the fitness of their host via behavior |
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Term
| give an example of social parasites: |
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Definition
an example of social parasites are: slave-making ants.
- rapid the nests of other ants and carry the nests of other ants and carry the larvae back to their own nest
- these larvae are forced to work for the raiders
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Term
| Provide an example of brood parasites and describe it: |
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Definition
| example: brown headed cowbirds, cuckoos, and other species. in this parasite, the parasite lays eggs in the nest of another species. |
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Term
| what is mafia hypothesis? |
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Definition
| termed the mafia hypothesis, the brood parasite destroys the host's eggs and its nest if the host attempts to resist raising the parasite's chicks |
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Term
| list some of the important factors to consider for predator-prey interactions: |
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Definition
- local extinctions of prey can be balanced by immigration in a spatially complex env't.
- prey fluctuates without a population change (numerical response) by the predator
- prey refugue: only prey numbers above a certain density are subject to predation
- predation is non-random and only certain age-classes, weakened or diseased individuals are subject to predation (prey sanitation hypothesis)
- predators may switch to more common prey
- carrying capacity for the predator is unrelated to prey population
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Term
| what are two factos which predation rate depend on: |
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Definition
the predators' response to an increase in the prey population may be:
- numerical
- functional
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Term
| describe numerical response: |
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Definition
- as prey population increases, the predator increases its numbers through an increase in the birth rate or through immmigration
- how many predators are present?
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Term
| describe functional response: |
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Definition
- as the prey population increases, each individual predator increases its predation rate on this prey species (number consumed per individual per unit time) through selective predation
- behavior of each predator.
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Term
| The major four from functional responses are: |
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Definition
- search
- capture
- handling
- digestion
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Term
| What are the three types for functional response curves? |
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Definition
- type 1: feeder curve
- type 2: general invertebrate curve
- type 3: "learning predator" curve
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Term
| what are voles subject to? |
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Definition
| voles are subject to "top-down" control while lemmings are controlled by "bottom-up" forces (vegetation/food supply) |
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