1. The neuron:

   1. a)  Has a cell wall instead of a cell body

   2. b)  Has dendrites that receive inputs

   3. c)  Has elevated internal concentrations of Cl-

   4. d)  Produces electrical but not chemical signals

   5. e)  Has a membrane potential of 0 mV 

1. Which of the following is true about neurons:

   1. a)  Intracellular fluid (inside the cell) - primary cation is K+, Na+ is low

   2. b)  Extracellular fluid (outside the cell) - primary cation is K+, Na+ is low

   3. c)  Extracellular fluid has low Cl-

   4. d)  Intracellular fluid has the same ionic composition as extracellular fluid 

1. 1. a)  is an electrical potential across the membranes of all living cells

   2. b)  is present because the inside of the cell is more positively charged than the outside

   3. c)  is usually between +50 to +100 mV

   4. d)  results from Ca++ leakage out of the cell

   5. e)  is usually 0 mV 

1. Which of the following is one basis for the resting membrane potential:

   1. a)  Absence of large anions [A-]

   2. b)  High Cl- inside the cell

   3. c)  differences in ionic (Na+, K+) composition of intracellular and extracellular fluid

   4. d)  both Na+ and K+ can leak across the membrane at rest 

5. In the neuron at rest:

   1. a)  Flow of K+ >> Na+ therefore net increase of positive charge in the cell

   2. b)  K+ will flow out of the cell until the force of the concentration gradient is

      balanced by an opposing electrical force due to the membrane potential

   3. c)  Gradient between extracellular and intracellular fluid favors loss of Cl- from the

      cell 

5. During the action potential

   1. a)  Cl- channels open briefly at the end of the action potential

   2. b)  Na+ channels open briefly during the first part of the action potential

   3. c)  The membrane potential changes to zero then stays zero

   4. d)  The membrane potential is gradually changes to around +30 mV over several

      minutes 

5. voltage gated ion channels

   1. a)  are open at rest then close in response to the threshold potential

   2. b)  open briefly then shut

   3. c)  are not involved in the action potential

   4. d)  carry neurotransmitter out of the cell 

In the first part of the action potential (voltage increasing from negative to positive)

a)  only Cl- channels are open

b)  Since there is a large concentration of Na+ outside the cell, Na+ rushes in making 

c) Only K+ channels are open 

d) Since there is a large concentration of K+ outside the cell, K+ enters the cell making the voltage positive. 

In the second part of the action potential (voltage changing from positive to negative)

a)  Voltage gated K+ channels are open

b)  The opening and closing of the K+ channels is much faster than the Na+ channels

c)  Cl- are fully open after the peak of the action potential

d)  K+ flows into the cell, and the membrane potential becomes negative again 

In the neuron membrane action potential,when the channels are in configuration, which of the following is happening:

1. a)  Membrane potential is stable at -70 mV

2. b)  Membrane potential is rising to +50 mV

3. c)  Membrane potential is declining from +50 mV to -70 mV

4. d)  Membrane is stable at 0 mV 

11.   In the propagation of the action potential in humans

    1. a)  The speed of transmission can be as high 2025 mph.

    2. b)  Propagation is faster due to large axons that are up to 1 mm in diameter

    3. c)  Propagation results from a series of new action potentials that travel along the axon

    4. d)  The axon cannot be longer than 10 cm 

In the chemical synapse:

a)The narrow gap between the neurons is called the synaptic cleft
b)The action potential results in release of Ca++ into the synaptic cleft c)Actin releases neurotransmitter
d)Pheromones are released 

After an action potential reaches the chemical synaptic terminal, several things happen. Put the following in the correct order:

(1) Ca++ causes vesicles containing neurotransmitter to fuse with presynaptic membrane
(2) Depolarization at the synaptic terminal results in Ca++ influx
(3) Neurotransmitter binds to ion channels on the post synaptic membrane (4) Neurotransmitter diffuses into synaptic cleft

a) 1,2,3,4 (1 then 2 then 3 then 4) 

b)  4, 1, 2, 3

c)  2, 1, 3, 4

d)  2, 1, 4, 3 

One example of a biogenic amine neurotransmitter is:

1. a)  norepinephrine

2. b)  glycine

3. c)  substance P

4. d)  endorphin

5. e)  prozac 

16. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor:

    1. a)  Blocks the chemical synapse

    2. b)  Blocks calcium release in the muscle tissue

    3. c)  Increases serotonin availability in the synapse

    4. d)  Increases serotonin breakdown

    5. e)  is used to treat diabetes 

16. 
    

17. Which of the following is NOT an amino acid neurotransmitter:

18.  a) Glutamate

19. b) GABA

20.  c) Glycine 

21. d) Choline 

16. Which of the following is a peptide neurotransmitter 

    a) GABA

17. b) Endorphin

18.  c) Actin
    d) ATP
    e) peptidase 

16. Dopamine

    1. a)  Stimulates muscle contraction

    2. b)  Causes glycogen to be made from glucose

    3. c)  Is a selective reuptake inhibitor

    4. d)  is linked to schizophrenia

    5. e)  is linked to clinical depression 

16. Tetrodotoxin

    1. a)  Is produced by pufferfish

    2. b)  Blocks K+ channels

    3. c)  Ingestion makes action potentials stronger

    4. d)  Blocks the sarcomere by breaking down actin

    5. e)  Prevents breakdown of acetylcholine 

16. Insulin

    1. a)  Has the same effect as glucagon

    2. b)  Increases when blood glucose is low

    3. c)  Is produced by the adrenal gland

    4. d)  Is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas

    5. e)  Stimulates the pancreas 

16. Glycogen

a) Is broken down in response to insulin

b)  Is broken down in response to glucagon

c)  Is stored in the pancreas

d)  Is a form of insulin

e)  Stimulates the liver to break down glucose 

23. The acetylcholine signal

    1. a)  Ends when there is enzymatic degradation of acetylcholine

    2. b)  Stimulates glucagon production

    3. c)  Increases breakdown of fats and protein

    4. d)  Is inhibitory to vertebrate skeletal muscle

    5. e)  Binds to an internal receptor 

23. The sodium potassium ATPase
    a) Is used to put sodium onto the glucose molecule
    b) Pumps Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell
    c) Pumps ATP into the muscle cells
    d) Is responsible for differences in Na+ and K+ concentrations inside and outside of the cell. 

23. In long term stress several events happen. Put the next steps in the correct order (not

    all are used):
    (1) Stress causes releasing hormone to be produced by the hypothalamus (2) The anterior pituitary is stimulated
    (3) ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produces hormones
    (4) Blood volume decreases and blood pressure decreases
    (5) Protein and fat are broken down

    1. a)  1, 2, 3, 4

    2. b)  1, 3, 2, 5

    3. c)  1, 2, 3

    4. d)  2, 1, 3, 4

    5. e)  1,2,3,5