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exam 4 microbiology
final
104
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
12/14/2015

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
septicemia
Definition
- microbial infection of the blood
- bacteremia or toxemia
- septic shock= low blood pressure resulting from dilation of blood vessels, decrease in body temp, no urine, rapid breathing,anxiety, increased heart rate
cause: different bacteria
classic sign: low blood pressure, leads to shock, petechiae indicates toxin present, lymphangitis indicates infection of lymphatic system
other: GI tract symptoms, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, confusion, anxiety, impending doom feeling
*opportunistic and often gram negative
2 types
Term
bacteremia
Definition
bacterial septicemia
Term
toxemia
Definition
toxins in blood (septicemia)
Term
septic shock
Definition
septic shock= low blood pressure resulting from dilation of blood vessels, decrease in body temp, no urine, rapid breathing,anxiety, increased heart rate
cause: different bacteria
classic sign: low blood pressure, leads to shock, petechiae indicates toxin present, lymphangitis indicates infection of lymphatic system
other: GI tract symptoms, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, confusion, anxiety, impending doom feeling
*opportunistic and often gram negative
2 types
Term
lymphangitis
Definition
indicates infection of lymphatic system, red streaks
Term
petechiae
Definition
indicate toxin present in septicemia
Term
endocarditis
Definition

inflammation of endocardium acute- not chronic (normal microbiota) chronic/ subacute- severe (streptococcus) cause: differs signs: splinter hemorrhages in nails, heart murmur, extreme fatigue, fever, malaise, heart murmurs, difficulty breathing, destruction of heart valves pathogens: 1. low virulence streptococci (chronic/ rheumatic fever) enters from previous heart valve damage 2. staphylococcus aureus, s epidermidis (acute)- people otherwise healthy, enters from infected tooth, skin lesion, catheter, or drug use 3 others: happens with trauma, surgery, infection, or drug users *vegetations= damage to valves

 

Normally, blood flows smoothly past these valves. If they have been damaged (from rheumatic fever, for example) the risk of bacteria attachment is increased.[2]

Term
splinter hemorrhages
Definition
found in patients with endocarditis on nails
Term
lyme disease
Definition
progressive disease leading to severe arthritis (not fatal) transmitted by a tick, bulls eye rash and severe fatigue

cause: borrelia burgdorfei (bacteria)

stage 1: expanding red rash (bulls eye) in 80%, malaise, headache, dizziness, stiff neck, fatigue, fever, chills
stage 2: neurological symptoms and cardiac dysfunction (10%)
stage 3: severe arthritis (80%)

- antibiotics to treat
Term
bull's eye rash
Definition
seen in lyme disease
Term
infectious mononucleosis
Definition
caused by EBV (epstein barr virus), extreme fatigue, enlarged nodes and spleen, "THE KISSING DISEASE"

signs: severe sore throat, fever, enlarged spleen and lymph nodes, extreme fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, rash.

transmitted: direct/indirect contact and droplets

*B cells are infected !!! so Tc cells target and killthem
- supportive treatment, no contact sports due to danger of enlarged spleen
- nearly impossible to prevent

pathogen: epstein barr virus (EBV or HHV-4)
Term
african viral hemorrhagic fevers
Definition
- ebola virus
-marburgvirus

signs: FEVER, fatigue, dizziness, muscle pain, exhaustion, minor petechiae, severe INTERNAL HEMORRHAGING AND BLEEDING, death from shock, seizures, kidney failure

cause: infected macrophages trigger localized blood clotting depleting serum of blood clotting proteins

ebola virus: 90% fatal,
marbugvirus= 25% fatal

transmitted by bodily fluid contact, supportive treatment
Term
malaria
Definition
plasmodium PROTOZOAN, caused by different species, transmitted through infected mosquito, SEVER AND RECURRENT FEVER AND CHILLS, JAUNDACE
1. liver cells infected, grow and rupture letting organisms in to blood stream
2. RBCs infected next through stages and eventually are ruptured and released again. RING SHAPED RBC TO DIAGNOSE
3. more RBCs infected after rupture

symptoms: plasmodium in blood stream, HIGH FEVER, chills, shaking IN CYCLES (every 48-72 hrs)

CAN BE FATAL

cellular debris and RBC protein in blodo impacts how liver and kidneys function
* jaundace and dark urine seen
*strokes, heart attacks
Term
ring state/stage
Definition
second stage of malaria in which rbis that are infected are ruptured (seen as ring shape)
Term
toxoplasmosis
Definition
cause: toxoplasma gondii (PROTOZOAN)
sign: BLINDNESS, 80% asymptomatic, with poor immunity however fever, malaise, inflammation of lungs, headache, confusion, blindness, myocarditis, encephalitis and death
casued by:eating contaminated meats PORK AND BEEF or also from KITTY LITTER (pathogen of rodents)
transplacental transfer may cause epilepsy, mental retardation, microcephaly , eye infection, still birth,jaundice, miscarriage

ANTIPROTOZOAN TREATMENT
avoid contact
Term
shistosomiasis
Definition
WORM/ helminthic (shistosoma)
classic sign: dermatitis where they have burrowed in skin
cause: con tam water, spiny eggs seen in feces, known as swimmers itch or snail fever
*antihelmithic treatment

1. larvae burrow into tissue and gain access to blood stream
2. spots of dermatitis seen (itching) 1st indication
3. leaves human in feces and urine where it is picked up by snail and formed there and is then re released
Term
dermatitis
Definition
irritation of skin
Term
streptococcus species
Definition
gram positive
cause strep throughout
Term
borrelia burgdorferi
Definition
causes lyme disease
Term
ebv
Definition
epstein-barr virus
Term
ebola virus
Definition
an african viral hemorrhagic fever
Term
marburgvirus
Definition
an african viral hemorrhagic fever
Term
plasmodium
Definition
causes malaria (PROTOZOAN)
Term
toxoplasma gondii
Definition
causes toxoplasmosis (PROTOZOAN)
Term
schistosoma
Definition
causes shistosomiasis (PARASITIC WORM)
Term
streptococcal pharyngitis
Definition
-strep throat
-bacterial upper disease
cause: streptococcus pyrogenes (bacteria)(gram positive cocci)
virulence factors: m protein, capsule, streptokinases, c4a peptidase, erthrogenic toxin, streptolysins

transmitted: droplets

classic sign: tonsil abscesses
also: swollen lymph nodes, laryngitis, bronchitis, scarlet fever if erythrogenic toxin is made, rheumatic fever if untreated,
Term
scarlet fever
Definition
cause: streptococcus pyrogenes (bacteria)
classic sign: systemic rash
other: follows strep throat, erythrogenic toxin, lysogenized
Term
rheumatic fever
Definition
develops with pain in heart and joints from untreated step causing heart valve damage
predisposes you to subacute endocarditis
causes
chronic endocarditis
- predisposed
- damages heart valve
Term
erythrogenic toxin
Definition
toxin released by streptococcus pyrogenes during strep throat causing scarlet fever
Term
laryngitis
Definition
irritation of larynx due to bacteria from strep spreading from pharynx to larynx
Term
bronchitis
Definition
inflammation of bronchiole tubes
Term
diptheria
Definition
pathogen: corynebacterium diptheriae, *THE DIPTHERIA TOXIN RELEASED MUST BE LYSOGENIZED

signs: sore throat, PSEUDOMEMBRANE, localized pain and fever, pahryngitis, oozing fluid leading to pseudomembrane

transmisison: droplet
tratment: antitoxin and antibiotics
prevention: VACCINE!!! Dtap
Term
pseudomembrane
Definition
large pus patch on throat from diphtheria
Term
diptheria toxin
Definition
bacterial upper disease, toxin that is released (corynebacterium diphtheria, must be lysogenized) causing sore throat, pain ,fever, oozing pseudomembranes
Term
rhinosinusitis
Definition
bacterial upper disease
sinus infection
signs: pain, pressure in sinus area
usually caused by normal microbiota of throat

pathogenesis: pharynx to sinuses through connections with the throat canal

antibiotics
Term
otitis media
Definition
ear infection
signs: severe pain in ears
usually caused by normal microbiota of throat
pathogenesis: pharynx to ears through connections bacterial upper disease
with the ear canal

antibiotics
Term
pharyngitis
Definition
sore throat inflammation
Term
common cold
Definition
>200 viruses
upper viral disease
dry cough****
sneeze, runny nose, congestion, sore throat, dry cough, maybe no caught, USUALLY NO FEVER
kils nasal mucosal cells
Term
pneumonia
Definition
- bacterial lower disease
- inflammation of the lungs, alveoli, and bronchioles become filled with fluid
- caused by streptococcus pneumonia (OPPORTUNISTIC!!! member of normal microbiota

signs: fever, chills, congestion, PRODUCTIVE COUGH, chest pain, rapid breathing

virulence: capsule, with pneumolysin

pathogenesis: inhaled from pharynx to lungs, opportunistic

antibiotics, vaccine against pneumococcus
Term
pneumococcal pneumonia
Definition
pneumonia caused by bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae
Term
pneumolysins
Definition
KILLS CILIATED EPITHELIAL CELLS
Pneumolysin is a putative virulence factor of the gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is a pore-forming toxin of 53 kDa composed of 471 amino acids. It has a range of biological activity, including the ability to lyse and interfere with the function of cells and soluble molecules of the immune system.
Term
tuberculosis
skin test
Definition
cause: mycobacterium tuberculosis
asymptomatic!!!!!!!

*macrophages infected, tubercule formation, dif stages
primary-no signs, macrophages infected, tubercle formed, primary ends once its formed
secondary- tuburcle ruptures possibly becomes disseminated, productive cough and blood and weight loss begin
diseminated- (has left lungs causing infection and disease, macrophages left lungs)

skin test: if the skin is red/swollen this means the immune system has memory cells and has been exposed before (so either you have been exposed OR have had the vaccine which is not usually given in US)
- doctor will take chest X-ray to look for tubercle which will always be present in the case of tb
Term
primary/secondary/disseminated tuburculosis
Definition
primary- no signs, ends when tubercle formes
secondary- tubercule is there and ruptures, cough with blood and production and chest pain
diseminated- macrophages leave lungs
Term
pertusis
Definition
whooping coug, reemerging disease (children under 5 may be a fatal disease)

cuase: bordetella pertusis bacteria, produced pertusis toxin (cytotoxin) creating excessive mucous production

signs: prolonged cough followed by inhalation, begins with runny nose, mild fever, after 1-2 weeks vomitting, diarrhea, choking, cyanosis


SUPPORTIVE treatment because antibiotics will release toxins possibly making it worse
Term
pertussis toxin
Definition
also called cytotoxin, creates excessive mucous production in pertusis/whooping cough
Term
influenza virus
HA and NA spikes
Definition
- viral lower disease
-dry cough, sudden high fever, myalgia
- influenza virus A and B most common
-8 RNA molecules make up the genome- genetic material tell it how to make spikes on surface called HA and NA spikes
- hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase(NA) spikes- on surface and important for virus attachment and is what immune system responds to

GENETIC VARIABILITY
antigenic drift- respiratory cells become infected by virus, as virus is going through synthesis there are mutations and changes to the genes, so what exits the cell is a slightly different virus (genetically different and spikes are different) (small change, minor) (account for minor outbreaks winter to winter) *BOTH A and B undergo shift

antigenic shift- a major change to a very severe influenza, when pigs, birds, and people are living very closely together it creates a melting pot of influenza viruses. A cell becomes infected by virus 1 and virus 2, a third virus comes out of the respiratory cell (so they viruses are basically mixed) * 2 viruses enter>>> a 3rd is formed **ONLY INFLUENZA A UNDERGOES THE SHIFT (viruses are renames when they shift, named by their spikes changing) (more severe in under 2, over 65, or pregnant women (dangerous to pregnant lady, not baby) )
1918-1919: 20-40% of people became ill, 40 million died ( we heard the bells) (young and healthy people died 20-50)

CHEMICALS RELEASED FROM IMMUNE SYSTEM CAUSE SYMPTOMS
RESPIRATORY EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE KKILLED

VACCINE AVAILABLE
Term
antigenic drift
Definition
antigenic drift- respiratory cells become infected by virus, as virus is going through synthesis there are mutations and changes to the genes, so what exits the cell is a slightly different virus (genetically different and spikes are different) (small change, minor) (account for minor outbreaks winter to winter) *BOTH A and B undergo shift
Term
antigenic shift
Definition
antigenic shift- a major change to a very severe influenza, when pigs, birds, and people are living very closely together it creates a melting pot of influenza viruses. A cell becomes infected by virus 1 and virus 2, a third virus comes out of the respiratory cell (so they viruses are basically mixed) * 2 viruses enter>>> a 3rd is formed **ONLY INFLUENZA A UNDERGOES THE SHIFT (viruses are renames when they shift, named by their spikes changing) (more severe in under 2, over 65, or pregnant women (dangerous to pregnant lady, not baby) )
1918-1919: 20-40% of people became ill, 40 million died ( we heard the bells) (young and healthy people died 20-50)
Term
RSV and tracheobronchtis (croup)
Definition
respiratory synctial virus
- most common childhood respiratory disease in newborns and young children
- fever, runny nose, CYANOSIS, coughing, wheezing
- most common cause of bronchiolitis or pneumonia and may cause CROUP- fever and distinct cough and wheezing only in children
-
pathogenesis:
- causes giant, multinucleate cells to form (SYNCTIAL)
- immune responses also damage the lungs

treat:
- antibodies would be given from treatment whichh neutralize the virus present
- proper ascetic technique by HCW
Term
cyanosis
Definition
turning blue
Term
streptococcus pyrogenes
Definition
bacteria that causes strep throat, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever
Term
corynebacterium diphtheria
Definition
bacteria causes diphtheria
Term
streptococcus pneumoniae
Definition
bacteria causes pneumonia
Term
mycobacterium tuberculosis
Definition
bacteria causes tb
Term
bordetella pertusis
Definition
bacteria causes whooping cough
Term
influenza virus
Definition
virus causing flu,
Term
RSV
Definition
(tracheobronchitis)- RSV virus causes this barking coug, wheezing, labored breathing in children--- leads to CROUP in newborns/young, cyanosis

ANTIBODIES GIVEN
Term
histoplasma capsulatum
(MYCOSES)
Definition
fungal infection/mycoses
- sever cough, blood tinged sputum
- bird/bat droppings/vehicle transmission
cause: histoplasmosis, a fingu that is dimorphic (found as yeast as well s mold depending on conditions MORE LIKELY YEST)
- 95% asymptomatic

infected macrophages carry pathogen outside of lungs
Term
normal microbiota are present where
Definition
tongue, colon, teeth, jejenum, ileum, rectum


NOT MANY in esophagus, stomach, duodenum (due to peristalsis and stomach acid)
Term
how do normal microbiota help
Definition
- compete with pathogens for space and nutrients
- help ward off IBS, Crohns disease
- alleviate symptoms of gastroenteritis
- may shorten the duration of colds by 36 hours
- mediates whether a person is obese or lean
Term
Why does use of antibacterial drugs over an extended time increase the likelihood of oral candidiasis (thrush) and so-called C. diff diarrhea?
Definition
- because it kills off normal microbiota allowing yeast to flourish
Term
caries
Definition
Caries – holes or pits in teeth; initially painless but teeth become increasingly sensitive
* biofilm formation and fermentation
Term
periodontal disease
Definition
swollen and/or bleeding gums, tender and bright red gums
*progresses from gingivitis
Term
dental pathogens are
Definition
Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus- both normally present in mouth, but our lifestyle allows them to cause these diseases **** they use sucrose as a nutrient source… dextran is made as a byproduct allowing organisms to stick to teeth allowing microbes to form biofilm and then plaque
Term
strep mutans and lactobacillus are
Definition
microbiota in mouth that use sucrose as nutrient source and make dextran which allows them to stick to teeth
Term
______ and adhesion factors allow for biofilm formation; fermentation produces acid that destroys enamel
Definition
dextran
Term
dental calculus
Definition
dental calculus [calcified plaque] at gum line triggers gingivitis; if not corrected, further tissue destruction occurs along with bone loss
Term
Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Definition
- inflammation of stomach or intestines caused by bacteria

shigella- causes shigellosis- type of gastroenteritis ( transmitted by food or water that has fecal contamination) often opportunistic infection
signs: fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, BLOODY STOOL!!!!

-clostridum difficile- normal microbiota, severe diarrhea or PSEUDOMEMBRANES IN COLON
(pseudomembrane colitis)

* often noscomial infection due to antibiotics due to clostridium making endospores in poop, so cleaning rooms is important

*fecal microbiota transplant
*fluid and electrolyte replacement treatment
*prevent by proper handling of food
Term
shigella
Definition
(type of bacterial gastroenteritis) shigella- causes shigellosis- type of gastroenteritis ( transmitted by food or water that has fecal contamination) often opportunistic infection

BLOODY STOOL! dysentery, cramps, fever
Term
clostridium difficile
Definition
type of bacterial gastroenteritis
-clostridum difficile- normal microbiota, severe diarrhea or PSEUDOMEMBRANES IN COLON
(pseudomembrane colitis)
ENDOSPORE FORMER, oportunistic !!!!
* often noscomial infection due to antibiotics due to clostridium making endospores in poop, so cleaning rooms is important

*fecal microbiota transplant
*fluid and electrolyte replacement treatment
*prevent by proper handling of food
Term
salmonella
Definition
type of bacterial gastroenteritis
- not normal microbiota, ingested from fecal matter from some animal chicken eggs, reptiles
*fever, cramps, WATERY DIAREHEA
Term
bacterial food intoxications
Definition
-food poisoning caused by toxins, microbe is either present or not present (ingesting toxin like food borne botulism)
- signs: nausea VOMITING, diarreha, cramping, bloating, fever, FLUID LOSS AND DEHYDRATION

pathogen= staphlococcus aureus that must produce enterotoxin

processed meats, custard pies, potatoe salad, ice cream, higher sugar foods
- contamination when it is at room temp or higher for several hours

fluid and electrolyte replacement
Term
viral gastroenteritis
Definition
-generally less severe than bacterial gastroenteritis

symptoms: abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fver, chills clammy skin, weight loss

noroviruses (a calicivirus)- in adults mostly (most common form)

rotaviruses- much more severe and common in young children less than 5 (vaccine now)

pathogenesis: infects cells lining the intestinal tract, as those cells die the normal function of intestinal tract is lost

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
Term
viral hepatis
Definition
- inflammation of liver by autoimmune disease, alcohol or drug abuse, genetic disorders, or microbial infections
liver stops functioning from virus as well as immune response

symptoms: jaundice, light colored stools, nausea, vommiting, fatigue, fever, weight loss

typs: HAV- fecal/oral (food preperation) doesn't become chronic and doesn't lead to cancer *if exposed vaccine given because 15-45 day incubation

HBV- needles, sex, blood, fluids * chronic and may cause hepatic cancer *NEWBORNS and children under 5 most likely to become chronic AGE RELATED!!! *vaccine

HCV- needles, sex *chronic, hepatic cancer *NOT AGE RELATED, 80% chance of it being chronic and leading to liver cancer because the virus undergoes a lot of genetic mutations and defenses can't keep up. NO CURE


treatment: antibodies, interferon, NO CURE

vaccine fror HAV and HBV
Term
HAV
Definition
hep a- fecal/oral transmission, not chronic, no cancer, vaccine may be given because incubation is 15-45 days
treat: antibodies, interferon
Term
HBV
Definition
hep b- needles, sex, blood, fluids *chronic and may cause hepatic cancer *newborns and children less than 5 most likely to become chronic , AGE RELATED, VACCINE AVAILABLE

treat: antibodies, interferon,
Term
HCV
Definition
hep c- needles, sex *chronic, hepatic cancer, NOT AGE RELATED, no cure, genetic changes and defenses can't keep up 80% chance of being chronic

treat: antibodies,interferon, no cure
Term
giardias
Definition
cause: giardia (protozoan)

severe frothy, fatty diarrhea with rotten egg smell

FROM backpacking, camping, contaminated fresh water, pets
Term
tapeworm infestations
Definition
parasitic worm
-taenia helminthic worm
- usually asymptomatic, maybe cramps, nausea, weight loss, diarrhea
BEEF AND PORK

antihelminthic treatments

COOK THOROUGHLY
- beef and pork, ingest eggs or proglottids


has hooks, suckers, necks, and segments called proglottid with eggs!!!
Term
proglottid
Definition
part of tapeworm
Term
pinworm infestations
Definition
enterobius (parasitic wormm)
intense perianal itching, sleep disturbance, school aged children, dislodge eggs from scratching, female moves to anus (from colon) at night depositing eggs personally
Term
what is a dental calculus
Definition
calcified plaque
Term
contrast gastroenteritis and food intoxication
Definition
gastroenteritis is an infection of the GI tract while food intoxication is from ingesting a toxin on food.
incubation for gastro may be a few days while food intoxication can be as quick as 30 mins
Term
HBV and HCV and role of immune
Definition
when hbv infection occurs at a young age, the immune system is not developed enough to clear the virus.
HCV undergoes genetic changes, changing the antigens which confuses the immune system and stops it from clearing
Term
bacterial UTI
Definition
escherichia coli
- frequent urgent need to urinate and painful
- urethritis(ut inflammation), cystitis (bladder inflammation), pyelonephritis(bacteria in kidney), common HAI
Term
streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis
Definition
-streptococcus pyrogenes
-inflammation of the glomeruli and nephrons of kidneys
-antigen- antibody complexes accumulate leading to inflammation
SIGNS: high blood pressure, low urine output, blood and proteins in urine
Term
toxic shock syndrome
Definition
-staphylococcus aureus causes!
- toxic shock syndrome toxins (TSSTS)
- sudden onset of fever, chills, vommiting, diarrhea, low BP, mental confusion, Severe rash
50% fatality rate if untreated
-TSSTS cause activation of T cells resulting in an over abundance of cytokines
-prolonged use of tampons, or surgery packing

MEDICAL EMERGENY- remove, antibiotics, anti TSST IG
Term
bacterial vaginosis
Definition
- gardnerella, mycoplasma
- vaginal itching, white discharge with fishy odor
- vaginal pH >4.5 (due to lactobacilli decreasing)
- sometimes asymptomatic
- oral or vaginal antibiotics
Term
vaginal candidiasis
Definition
- candida fungus
-white curd like discharge, sever itching and burning(worse on urination)
-occurs when norm or microbiota are altered or ph>4.5
-topical or oral antifungal treatments
- oportunistic
Term
gonorrhea
Definition
neusseria gonorrhoeae (fimbriae, capsule, endotoxin, protease enzyme (destroys IgA)

- infects cervix, can attach to sperm cells that carry Ng to uterine tubes

ANTIBIOTICS- resistance is a problem
- no long term immunity
- sexual abstinance, monogamy, and use of condoms prevent

men- painful urination, discharge
women- painful urination, bloody discharge , but often asymptomatic

*CAN LEAD TO PID
Term
syphilis
Definition
treponema pallidum
1. chancre- painless hard lesion
2. rash, palms/soles- doesn't itch or hurt (may have sore throat or mild fever)
3. dementia, blindness, paralysis, heart failure, or syphilitic gummas (rubbery swollen lesions in bones, nervous tissue, or skin)
LATENT- may have no symptoms

PENICILLIN G


progression, especially in absence of treatment
Term
genetial herpes
Definition
signs/symptoms: numerous small blisters that break out and become painful ulcers
-pathogens: HHV (85% caused by HHV-2) latent virus
- blisters from when viral replication kills epithelial cells
-latent viruses may trigger recurrent lesions
- asymptomatic periods will still result in transmission of virus

TREATMENT
- acycovir, can relieve and lessen blister formation but no cure
- C section necessary if blisters at birth
Term
genital warts
Definition
various strains of HPV cause it
- generally harmless growths of epithelial cells
-small or large
- may be itchy, bleed or increase vaginal discharge

TreatmentL Tc cells eventually recognize and destroy infected cells, or surrey, freezing, burning, laser, or chemicals

PREVENT
-pap smear (linked to cervical cancer)
- vaccine- protects from HPV
Term
trichomoniasis
Definition
trichomonas vaginalis (protozoan)
- women have malodorous yellow- green discharge, dysuria
- men: urethritis
BOTH MUST BE TREATED with ANTIPROTOZOAN
Term
what diseases have toxins
Definition
- septicemia (if petichiae are present)
-streptococcus pyrogenes releses erythrogenic toxin
-diptheria (toxin must be lysogenizeD)
Term
endocarditis
causes and whether they are acute or chronic
Definition
streptococcus= chronic
staphylococcus aureus, s epidermidis = acute
Term
lyme disease leads to
Definition
1. red bulls eye, malaise, stick neck, headache,dizziness,fever,chills 80%
2. neurological symptoms and cardiac disfunction 10%
3. severe arthritis 80%
Term
EBV causes what/ epstein barr virus
Definition
infectious mononucleosis (kissing disease)

signs: severe sore throat, fever, enlarged spleen and lymph nodes, extreme fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, rash.
Term
plasmodium PROTOZOAN
Definition
plasmodium protozoan causes malaria

fever chills and shaking in CYCLES, jaundice, liver cells affected and ruptured, red blood cells affected and rupture to a RING SHAPE!!!!!,

cellular debris and RBC protein in blodo impacts how liver and kidneys function
* jaundace and dark urine seen
*strokes, heart attacks
Term
which diseases are protozoans
Definition
plasmodium, toxoplasmosis(kitty litter/pork n beef), giardia
Term
which disease is a parasitic worm
Definition
shistosomiasis- dermatitis, spiny eggs in feces and urine
Term
what hurts when u get rheumatic fever
Definition
joints, heart
Term
histoplasma capsulatum
(MYCOSES)
Definition
bird bat droppings
Term
which hepatitis is most common in kids
Definition
hep B.... there is a vaccine thoo
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