Movement of the                      cartilage by intrinsic layngeal muscles will change the length and tension of the vocal cords and result in a change in pitch.

The primary function of the respiratory system is ____________________.

The process of taking air into and out from the lungs is ____________________.

The ____________________ airways warm, humidify, and filter air.

The temperature of air in the alveoli is ____________________ ° C

The diffusion of O₂ from blood to the tissue to support aerobic metabolism is ____________________ gas exchange.

Cellular ____________________ utilizes O₂ and produces CO₂ as a metabolic waste.

The diffusion of O₂ from air into blood at the alveoli is part of ____________________ gas exchange.

The presence of alveoli identifies the beginning of ____________________ airways.

secondary function of the respiratory system with the urinary system is ____________________.

The bony structure of the external nose includes the ____________________ and ____________________.

Both the nasal cartilage and the septal cartilage are composed of ____________________ cartilage.

The bony structure of the nasal septum includes the superiorly located ____________________ and the inferiorly located ____________________.

The lining of the nasal cavity is ____________________ epithelium.

Maxilla

Palatine Bone

The hard palate consists of the anteriorly located ____________________ and the posteriorly located ____________________.

The three ____________________ create turbulence while breathing through the nostrils.

The olfactory epithelium is associated with the ____________________.

The nasolacrimal duct opens underneath the ____________________.

The four paranasal sinuses include the ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

The throat is subdivided into three regions called the ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

The ____________________ and ____________________ of the throat have a lining of stratified squamous epithelium because food and liquid pass over their surface during swallowing.

The ____________________ of the throat has a lining of pseudostratified columnar epithelium and is not involved with swallowing or the digestive process.

The auditory tube opens into the ___________________.

Palatine

Pharyngeal

The ____________________ tonsils are associated with the oropharynx and the ____________________ tonsils are associated with the nasopharynx.

The voice box or ____________________ begins the lower respiratory system.

The ____________________ cartilage serves as a landmark for a tracheotomy.

The Adam’s apple is the more prominent ____________________ cartilage in males.

The __________________ is the cartilage that covers the opening to the airway during swallowing.

Most of the cartilage of the voicebox is ____________________ cartilage.

The ____________________  of the larynx has a framework of elastic cartilage.

Arytenoid

Vocal Cords

Movement of the ____________________ cartilage places tension on the ____________________ to change pitch.

The ____________________ folds do not produce sound but help close the glottis during swallowing.

____________________ refers to inflammation of the voicebox.

C

Esophagus

The trachea has ____________________ shaped cartilage rings that open to the posteriorly located ____________________ of the digestive system.

Pseudo Stratified Columnar

Carina

The trachea has a lining of ____________________ epithelium and terminates at a prominent cartilage called the____________________.

The ____________________ maneuver helps expel inhaled objects causing a person to choke.

The ____________________ maneuver is a forced expiration against a closed glottis and should not be practiced during defecation.

Cartilage

Smooth Muscle

The bronchial tree has a decreased amount of ____________________ and an increased amount of ____________________ as the airways branch and become more numerous.

Cartilage

Simple Cuboidal

Histologically, the distinguishing feature between a bronchus and a bronchiole is the presence of ____________________ and a ____________________ epithelium.

The ____________________ bronchi enter into the bronchopulmonary segment.

The ____________________ bronchi are the first branches from the trachea.

Secondary

Secondary

The right lung has three ____________________ bronchi and the left lung has two ____________________ bronchi

Terminal

Lobule

The ____________________ bronchioles enter the basic lung unit called a ____________________ and end the conducting airways.

The ____________________ bronchioles have the presence of air sacs and serve as the beginning of respiratory airways.

Alveoli

Modified Simple Squamous

The ____________________ are the site of gas exchange and they have a lining of ____________________ epithelium formed by type I alveolar cells.

The type II alveolar cells secrete ____________________ which lowers surface tension.

Alveolar Macrophages

Pneumonia

The ____________________ are phagocytic help prevent bronchitis from developing into lung inflammation called ____________________.

Asthma is associated with histamine and other inflammatory chemicals increasing mucus secretion and ____________________ constriction.

The ability of the lung to deflate and return to the resting volume is ____________________ and is diminished with emphysema.

____________________ is the attractiveness of water molecules to one another that can cause collapse alveoli.

Premature infants often have infant respiratory distress syndrome due to inadequate secretion of ____________________.

The ability of the lung to inflate for a given pressure difference is ____________________ and is diminished with pulmonary fibrosis.

Diaphragm

External Intercostals

The main muscles for inspiration are the ____________________ and the ____________________.

Scalenes

Sternocleidomastoid

Pectoralis Minor

Muscles facilitating inspiration include the ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

internal intercostal muscles

rectus abdominus

External Oblique

Internal Oblique

Transversus Abdominus

Muscles involved with forceful expiration include the ____________________ and the abdominal muscles ____________________, ___________________, ___________________, and ____________________.

____________________ Law states that pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

Alveolar

Atmospheric

Inspiration during quiet breathing requires a(n) ____________________ pressure around 2 mm Hg lower than ____________________ pressure and depends on muscle contraction.

Alveolar

Atmospheric

Expiration during quiet breathing requires a(n) ____________________ pressure around 2 mm Hg higher than ____________________ pressure and occurs during muscle relaxation.

Alveolar

Atmospheric

Forceful expirations always require muscle contraction and can develop a(n) ____________________ pressure 20 mm Hg greater than ____________________ pressure.

Muscle contraction is involved in active inspiration to inflate the lung volume greater than the resting lung volume called ____________________.

Active expiration involves muscle contraction to deflate the lungs more rapidly or lower the lung volume below ____________________.

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is ____________________.

The usual movement of air into and out from the lungs is ____________________.

The maximum amount of air moved in a single breath is ____________________ and only depends on gender, height and age.

The ____________________ space is the region without alveoli and explains how dogs, cats and even birds can pant without hyperventilating.

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Anthracosis

Vital Capacity

A restrictive disease like ____________________ or ____________________ would decrease ____________________ but have a normal Force Expiratory Volume in 1 sec (FEV1).

Asthma

COPD

Vital Capacity

An obstructive disease like ____________________ or ____________________ would have a normal ____________________ but have a decreased Force Expiratory Volume in 1 sec (FEV1).

The actual flow of "new" air reaching the alveoli is ____________________.

The main rhythmicity center for breathing is in the VRG found in the brain stem region called the ____________________.

The pontine respiratory center is in the ____________________  of the brain stem and modifies the basic breathing pattern.

Medulla Oblongata

Carotid Bodies

Aortic Bodies

Chemoreceptors that affect breathing are located in the ____________________ where they are called central chemoreceptors and in the ____________________ and the ____________________ where they are called peripheral chemoreceptors..

Central

Peripheral

The ____________________ chemoreceptors are sensitive to P_CO2 and pH and the ____________________ are also sensitive to low P_O2 levels.

The ____________________ reflex increases breathing when we move our joints during exercise.

Deflation

Inflation

The ____________________ reflex limits lung deflation and the ____________________ reflex limits lung distension.

____________________ Law relates the air pressure to the partial pressure of all the gases present.

____________________ Law relates the amount of gas dissolved in liquid as a function of the pressure, solubility and temperature.

The gas in greatest amount within the atmosphere is ____________________.

The gas found in the least amount in the atmosphere that is produced by aerobic metabolism is ____________________.

The diffusion of gas from the alveoli to the capillary depends on a difference in the ____________________ pressure.

Arterial

Veinous

The blood gases O2 and CO2 are relatively constant in systemic ____________________ blood but are more variable in systemic ____________________ blood.

Most oxygen is transported in blood bound to the ____________________ portion of hemoglobin.

4

Oxyhemoglobin

Each molecule of hemoglobin can transport a maximum of ____________________ O2 in which case it is called ____________________.

The amount of oxygen binding to hemoglobin depends on the relationship between PO2 and hemoglobin affinity called the ____________________ curve.

Increase

Decrease

The hemoglobin affinity for oxygen decreaseswith a(n) ____________________ CO2 or a(n) ____________________ pH.

The hemoglobin affinity for oxygen decreases with a(n) ____________________ temperature

Oxidized iron in the hemoglobin is called ____________________ and does not bind O2.

____________________ refers to carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin that prevents O2 transport.

____________________ anemia has a characteristic change in the RBC shape with low oxygen.

Fetal Hemoglobin

Thalassemia

Both ____________________ and ____________________ versions of normal hemoglobin have a greater affinity for O2 making less O2 available for delivery to the tissue.

The formation of ___________________ from CO2 binding to non-heme sites is the cause for the change in the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 in the presence of CO2.

Most of the CO2 transported in systemic venous blood is in the form of ____.

Around 10% of CO2 transport is dissolved in the ____________________ of blood because CO2 is much more soluble than O2.

The enzyme _________________ assists in the formation of carbonic acid.

Pulmonary

Systemic

The pressure in the ____________________ circulation is less than the ____________________ circulation because the resistance is 1/10 as much.

Less filtration occurs in the pulmonary capillaries than the systemic capillaries which prevents pulmonary ____________________.

Blood vessels ____________________ in response to decrease PO2 or increased PCO2 to help match blood flow to lung ventilation.

The clearance of which substance is a measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Which structure in juxtamedullary nephrons is longer than in cortical nephrons?

Which structure is similar to the stomach because it has rugae?

Which substance is reabsorbed under the influence of ADH?

The capillary network of the nephron where filtration occurs is called the ____________.

Normal Vital Capacity

&

Decreased FEV (1)

Kidney

Ureter

Urinary Bladder

Urethra

The four main organs of the urinary system are the ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

The ____________________ gland superior to the kidney secretes the hormone aldosterone which affects the kidney in retaining sodium (Na+) and secreting potassium (K+).

The kidney can function as an endocrine gland by secreting ____________________ which stimulates RBC (erythrocyte) production.

The kidney activates vitamin D to ____________________ which enhances calcium (Ca2+) absorption.

The lungs and the kidney help maintain ____________________ balance by controlling carbon dioxide (CO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3-).

The kidney helps with long term maintenance of blood ____________________ by regulating electrolyte concentration and blood volume.

The electrolyte concentration is regulated by the kidneys so that the ____________________ is maintained around 290 mOsm.

The kidneys can increase the glucose concentration of blood through ____________________.

The ____________________ transports urine to a distensible organ for temporary storage.

Ureter

Urinary Bladder

Both the ____________________ and the ____________________ have a mucosa completely lined by transitional epithelium.

Near the external surface of the skin, the urethra has a mucosa of ____________________.

The urinary bladder has internal folds like the stomach called ____________________.

Bladder infections often persist in the floor of urinary bladder called the ______________ because of its triangular shape between the three orifices.

The three layers of smooth muscle of the urinary bladder are called the ______________ muscle.

Internal

External

The _______________ urethral sphincter is smooth muscle and the _______________ urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle.

Urethra

External Urethral

Females are more susceptible to cystitis (bladder infection) than males due to a shorter _____ ______ and the closeness of the _________ orifice to the anus.

The _________ reflex is initiated when the urine volume of bladder exceeds 300 to 400 ml.

Activity of ___________ , a type of sensory receptor, initiate a sense of fullness and the need to urinate.

Central inhibition of your ability to contract the ____________ urethral sphincter may occur when urine volume exceeds 600 ml and you may wet yourself if you try to hold your bladder too long.

_________________ refers to the inability to control urination and infants require diapers and the elderly may require "Depends".

Prostatic

Membraneous

Penile

The male urethra is subdivided into the _______________ urethra, __________________ urethra, and _________________ urethra.

Urinary retention may occur in males due to benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) constricting the _________________ urethra.

The kidneys are located ________________, behind the serous membranes of the abdominal cavity.

The dense connective tissue covering of the kidney is the renal ________________.

The renal _______________ is a thin layer of connective tissue that anchors the kidney and the adrenal gland to the abdominal wall.

The indentation of the kidney at which the ureter and blood vessels are attached is the ______________.

The renal ________________ are conical shaped structures within the medulla of the kidney and they terminate with an extension called a renal papilla.

The renal _______________ is the outer layer of the kidney where the glomerulus are found.

Extensions between the conical shaped structures are the renal ________________ and they are considered extensions from the renal cortex.

The renal _______________ is a funnel shaped cavity that drains urine into the ureter.

Urine drains from a renal papilla into a _______________.

The renal arteries are a branch of the _________________ and provide blood flow to the kidneys.

The renal veins drain blood from the kidney into the __________________.

The ___________________ vessels are small arteries and veins found in the renal cortex.

The _________________ vessels are small arteries and veins found separating the renal pyramid from the renal cortex.

The ________________ vessels are small arteries and veins found in the renal column.

The __________________ arteries are renal artery subdivisions that do not have a corresponding vein.

The ______________ is an unusual capillary network because it is between the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole.

Peritubular Capillaries

Vasa Recta

The ___________________ are typical capillary networks in the renal cortex and the ______________ are loop like capillary networks in the renal pyramid.

Glomerulus

Glomerular Capsule

A renal corpuscle is located in the renal cortex and consists of a ___________________ and a _______________.

The proximal tubule, distal tubule and collecting duct consist of _________________ epithelium.

Principal

Intercalated

The collecting duct epithelium contains ________________ cells and ________________ cells.

Simple Squamous

Simple Cuboidal

The loop of Henle has a thin segment composed of ___________________ epithelium and a thick segment composed of ___________________ epithelium or maybe simple columnar cells.

The ____________ nephrons have a glomerulus in the outer portion of the renal cortex and a short loop of Henle.

The ______________ nephrons have a glomerulus deep in the renal cortex and a long loop of Henle.

The _________________ consists of juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole and macula densa of the loop of Henle and are involved with both renal autoregulation and maintenance of systemic blood pressure.

The process of returning substances and water from the renal tubules to blood is _________________.

The process of moving additional substances from blood to renal tubules is ___________________.

Substances and water movement from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule is ________________.

__________________ is the removal of substance and water from the kidney.

Higher

Fenestrated

Higher

The glomerulus has a _____________ filtration than a typical skeletal muscle capillary network because it is a _______________ capillary and the hydrostatic pressure is ______________ than a typical skeletal muscle capillary network.

Formed Elements (RBC's)

Plasma Proteins

Podocyte

Filtrate does not normally have _______________ or ____________________ that are found in blood due to filtration slits formed by the _______________ cells.

Renal ________________ refers to a relatively constant renal blood flow despite fluctuation in systemic blood pressure.

Myogenic

Tubulogomerular

Both the ____________________ mechanism and the ____________________ mechanism contribute to this constant renal blood flow.

Sympathetic

Renin-Angiotensin

Extrinsic control of renal blood flow include neural control through the ________________ nervous system and hormonal control through the __________________ system.

The ______________________ or GFR is maintained fairly constant at 125 ml/min in males and 105 ml/min in females.

99%

Normally, approximately __________________ of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the kidneys and only 1 to 2 liters of urine are excreted due to a person's hydration level.

Paracellular

Transcellular

___________________ reabsorption moves between epithelial cells and ___________________ reabsorption moves through the epithelial cell.

Water can only move passively by _________________, from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration.

Facultative

Obligatory

___________________ water reabsorption is controlled by ADH in the collecting duct and _________________ water reabsorption follows solutes as they are reabsorbed.

Around 15% of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the _________________ in a process called a countercurrent multiplier.

Descending

Ascending

The countercurrent multiplier has water reabsorption in the __________________ segment and sodium chloride (NaCl) reabsorption in the _____________________ segment.

Recycling of ___________________ in the inner renal pyramid also contributes to the osmotic gradient.

Collecting Duct

Aldosterone

Fine tuning of sodium (Na+) reabsorption occurs in the _________________ under the influence of the hormone ____________________.

Collecting Duct

(ADH) Antidiuretic Hormone

Fine tuning of water reabsorption occurs in the _________________ under the influence of the hormone ___________________.

Collecting Duct

Aldosterone

Potassium (K+) is actually secreted in the _____________________ under the influence of the hormone ___________________.

Even though glucose is filtered at the glomerulus, glucose does not normally appear in urine because it is actively reabsorbed in the ____________________ until a transport maximum.

Bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion (H+) secretion by intercalated cells in the ___________________ help maintain pH balance.

Diabetes Mellitus

Renal Plasma Threshold

One of the symptoms of the disease ___________________ occurs when glucose concentration reaches the _____________________ in the blood and glucose appears in the urine.

The enzyme ______________________ located primarily in blood vessels of the lung converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is involved with pressure regulation by secreting the enzyme _______________________ which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Diabetes insipidus is a result of inadequate action of the hormone ____________________.

The clearance of inulin or creatinine which are primarily just filtered is a measure of _________________________.

The clearance of PAH which is completely removed from renal blood is a measure of ____________________.

Excess water loss that increases the electrolyte concentration of the extracellular space and contributes to triggering thirst from the hypothalamus is ___________________.

Excess consumption of water that dilutes out the electrolytes of the extracellular space is water ______________________.

A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor like ___________________ prevents bicarbonate (HCO3-) reabsorption.

Aldactone

An aldosterone antagonist like _______________________ prevents Na+ reabsorption and K+ seecretion.

An osmotic diuretic like ___________________ is not reabsorbed and retains water in the collecting duct.

Alcohol

Pituitary

___________________ is a diuretic that prevents secretion of ADH from the _________________ gland.

The action of _________________ diuretics like Diuril on the distal tubule is not completely known but it involves inhibition of Na+ and Cl- reabsorption.

___________________ in coffee and mt dew is a diuretic that inhibits Na+ reabsorption.

A loop diuretic like ___________________ prevents the countercurrent multiplier formation of an osmotic gradient in the renal pyramid.

Calcium reabsorption from the distal tubule of the nephron is increased by the hormone ___________________.

Potassium excretion from the kidneys is increased by the hormone ___________________ which acts primarily on the collecting ducts.

The hormone ___________________ increases water retention in the kidneys by making the collecting duct more permeable to water.

_____________________ refers to a low potassium concentration which can occur with a loop diuretic.

____________________ refers to a high potassium concentration.

____________________ refers to a low sodium concentration.

___________________ refers to a high sodium concentration.

The normal pH in humans is approximately ____________________.

A pH lower than normal caused by excessive H+ (fixed acids) is metabolic _________________.

A pH higher than normal caused by hyperventilation is respiratory ___________________.

A pH lower than normal caused by not breathing is respiratory ____________________.

A pH higher than normal caused by gastric vomitting or ingesting too many antacids is metabolic ______________

way the body regulates blood pH is through the ____________________ buffer system.

Ammonia (NH4)

Dihydrogen Phosphate(H2P04-)

The kidneys can excrete excess H+ as ____________________ or __________________.