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| Number 1. The are delivered from capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the anterior pituitary without dilution to the rest of the body. They are regulated by ultrashort, short and long feedback loops between the hypothalamus itself, the pituitary and the end organ. They are small peptides which are not orally active and must be injected. They are peptides with short half lives. They are released under the influence of circadian rhythms. |
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Definition
Correct Answer: Why is it difficult to mimic the actions of the hypothalmic hormones?
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| Number 2. Enzyme-linked receptors with tyrosine kinase or serine threonine kinase activity that act over slowly over hours. The actions of these hormone receptors are slow to reverse even after the hormone is discontinued. |
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Definition
| Correct Answer: What types of receptors are activated by hypothalamic pituitary hormones |
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Number 3. hormone of the anterior pituitary
stimulates release of IGF-1 from the liver to cause growth of muscle, bone and organs.
replacement therapy allows GH deficient children to achieve normal height - before puberty - given at night to permit growth during sleep. |
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Definition
| Correct Answer: Growth hormone = somatotropin |
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Number 4. GHIH analog = growth hormone inhibitor hormone = somatostatin
inhibits the release of growth hormone, gastrin, insulin, and VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide). (blank) is used to treat giantism/acromegaly// zollinger Ellison syndrome of stomach ulcers caused by gastrin over secretion // insulinomas // and carcinoid syndrome of diarrhea caused by excess VIP, respectively. |
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Definition
| Correct Answer: octreotide |
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Number 5. growth hormone receptor antagonist
used to treat giantism and acromegaly due to excess growth hormone |
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Definition
| Correct Answer: Pegvisomant |
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Number 6. GnRH = gonadotropin releasing hormone also called luteinizing hormone releasing hormone // when infused continuously or given as a sustained release injection these drugs strongly inhibit testosterone and estrogen release.
(blank) (blank) (blank) (blank) are used to treat prostate cancer, endometriosis, precocious (early)puberty. Small pulsatile doses can stimulate ovulation as part of the in vitro fertilization treatment regimens along with FSH & LH |
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Definition
| Correct Answer: leuprolide, goserelin, nafarelin, histrelin |
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Number 7. gonadotropins isolated from menopausal or pregnant urine.
treatment of infertility in women to induce maturation of oocytes (menotropin, urofollitropin) and ovulaton (hCG) over days. Hypogonadism in men due to undescend testes can be corrected by hMG and hCG that causes the testes to descend and once outside outside the body cavity, at a cooler temperature, they then produce testosterone. |
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Definition
| Correct Answer: menotropin (hMG), urofollitropin (FSH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG |
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| Number 8. (blank) is a posterior pituitary hormone. (blank) causes uterine contractions and milk ejection. Used to induce labor if the cervix is effaced and dilated. If given before effacement, the uterus may rupture and the baby may be crushed. Nasal spray of (blank) is used to induce milk let down and ejection for nursing mothers if this is not happening readily - this prevents nipple rupture and eases feeding for weak infants. |
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Definition
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| Number 9. (blank) induces water reabsorption in the collecting duct and colon by inserting aquaporin water channels into the plasma membrane. It is used to treat diabetes insipidus (neurogenic DI missing ADH release from the brain); Nephrogenic DI is treated with thiazide diuretics which osmotically concentrates the urine). ADH/vasopressin also releases clotting factors from the liver (signals of low blood volume presumes blood loss due to bleeding so clotting factors are boosted). This is useful for hemophiliacs who must be prepared for minor surgery or dental work. |
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Definition
| Correct Answer: Vasopressin also called ADH, desmopressin |
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| Number 10. thyroid hormone // activates gene expression to increase the basal metabolic rate // used to treat hypothyroidism in children (cretinism) and in adults. T4 is converted to T3 as needed. For myxedema T3 is used intravenously for severe myxedema coma. Even if patient is conscious, blood flow to the intesting is minimal so the drug is not well absorbed from the colon until thyroid function improves and the body functions more normally. |
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Definition
| Correct Answer: levothyroxine, T4, synthroid ----- and also triiodothyronine T3 = liotrix |
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| Number 11. inhibitors of thyroid synthesis // reduces the synthesis of thyroid hormone but the reserve of thyroglobulin containing T4 and T3 in the colloid thyroid follicles takes a long time to deplete // used to treat thyrotoxicosis = grave's disease. Treat tachycardia with beta blockers like propranolol |
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Definition
| Correct Answer: propylthiouracil, methimazole |
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Number 12. radioisotope of iodide.
releases radioactive energy in the thyroid where 131I is concentrate. It kills thyroid cells and is used to treat hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancers.
radioactivity reduces the size of the gland instead of surgery or in addition to surgery. 125 I (lower energy radioactivity) is used as a diagnostic scan for thyroid activitiy. Surgical reduction of the gland can growth back by antibody stimulation mimicking TSH so the gland is often completely ablated. |
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Definition
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| Number 13. anterior pituitary hormone. adrenocorticotropic hormone. ACTH raises cortisol levels if the adrenal has not atrophied. Used as a diagnostic tool to distinquish primary from secondary adrenal insufficiency = addison's disease. ACTH will increase cortisol levels in patients with secondary addison's disease but not for primary insufficiency. |
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