Term
| What is the pleural space? |
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Definition
| -potential space that only has a small amt of fluid to lubricate lung movement |
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Term
| What are the 2 underlying causes of pleural effusion? |
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Definition
-inc fluid into pleural space
-dec lymph drainage of pleural space |
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Term
| What causes inc fluid into pleural space causing pleural effusion? |
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Definition
-dec plasma oncotic P: hypoalbumineia
-inc plasma hydrostatic P: heart failure, vascular obstruction
-inc vascular perm: vasculitis |
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Term
| What are some causes of dec lymph drainage of pleural space leading to pleural effusion? |
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Definition
-lymphangitis
-lymphangiectasia
-lymphangiosarcoma or other neoplasma
-heart dz |
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Term
| What are the CS of pleural effusion? |
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Definition
-"restrictive" breathing pattern
-muffled heart & lungs sounds ventrally
-exercise intolerance
-cyanosis
-tachycardia
-dyspnea |
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Term
| What diagnostic test do we do before anything else w/ a dyspnic patient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe our biggest caution when performing a thoracocentesis. |
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Definition
| -poke just cranial to rib to avoid v/a/n |
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Term
| Where do we poke for a blind thoracocentesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What usually causes a pure transudate? Others? |
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Definition
-hypoalbuminemia
-others: heart dz, pericardial dz, caval syndrome, pulmonary thromboembolism |
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Term
| What are some common causes of a modified transudate? |
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Definition
-cardiac dz
-pericardial effusion (tamponade)
-diaphragmetic hernia
-neoplasia
-lung lobe torsion
-chronic transudate |
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Term
| What are some common examples of a nonseptic exudate? |
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Definition
-neoplasia
-fungal infection
-chronic chylothorax
-FIP
-chronic modified transudate |
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Term
| What are some common causes of septic exudate (pyothorax)? |
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Definition
-penetrating chest wound
-FB: most common cause in dogs
-ruptured esophagus
-ruptured pulmonary abscess
-hematogenous spread |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of pyothorax in cats? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most common causes of pyothorax in dogs? |
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Definition
| -migrating grass awns most common |
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Term
| How do we treat pyothroax? |
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Definition
-abx
-bilateral chest tubes + lavage
-thoracotamy & labage: dog > cat |
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Term
| Does a hemothorax clot or not clot in a red top tube? |
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Definition
-doesn't clot
-so if it clots it was iatrogenic |
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Term
| What are some common causes of hemothorax? |
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Definition
-coaguloapthy: rodenticide
-trauma
-neoplasia
-lung lobe torsion |
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Term
| What is the first thing you do w/ a hemothorax? |
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Definition
-remove what is needed to relieve dyspnea
-blood will be reabsorbed but a coagulopathy will continue to bleed |
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Term
| What are some common causes of chylothorax? |
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Definition
-idiopathic: most common
-neoplasia
-HW dz
-cardiac dz
-lung lobe torsion
-diaphragmatic hernia |
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Term
| Describe the cells in a chylothorax. |
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Definition
| -mostly small lymphocytes |
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Term
| How do we treat chylothorax? |
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Definition
-treat underlying cause if found
-medical first: thoracocentesis + low fat diet + rutin or octreotide
-sx if meds fail: thoracic duct ligation and pericardectomy |
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Term
| What are some common neoplasms that cause neoplastic exudates? |
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Definition
-carcinoma
-lymphoma
-thymoma
-hemangiosarcoma
-mast cell tumor
-mesothelioma |
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Term
| What are some common causes of eosinophilic effusion? |
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Definition
-HW dz
-mastocytosis
-interstitial pneumonia
-eosinophilic granulomatosis
-eosinophilic granulomatosis
-thoracic wall trauma
-neoplasia
-heart failure
-immune-med dz
-hypersensitivity |
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