Term
| What are the diagnostic tests for hypoxemia? |
|
Definition
-arterial blood gas
-pulse oximetry |
|
|
Term
| What are our options for airway sampling? |
|
Definition
-nasal flush or biopsy
-transtracheal wash
-orotracheal wash
-bronchoalveolar lavage |
|
|
Term
| What are the uses of arterial blood gas? |
|
Definition
-assess partial P of arterial O2 & CO2
-acid-base status |
|
|
Term
| What counts as hypoxemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does hypoxemia indicate? |
|
Definition
| -ability to oxygenate blood in the lunbs |
|
|
Term
| What are the disadvantages of arterial blood gas? |
|
Definition
-may be difficult to obtain
-handling & equipment |
|
|
Term
| Which vessels do we use for arterial blood gas? |
|
Definition
| -dorsal pedal a or femoral a |
|
|
Term
| What does pulse oximetry measure? |
|
Definition
-oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
-related to PaO2 by sigmoid curve |
|
|
Term
| What is the gold standard for assessing hypoxemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does pulse oximetry work? |
|
Definition
| -based on absorptionof light transmitted thru tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of pulse oximetry? |
|
Definition
-quick
-easy
-safe
-inexpensive
-real-time |
|
|
Term
| What things will shift curve to the right to inc dissolved O2? |
|
Definition
-body temp
-2,3 DPG
-blood pH dec |
|
|
Term
| What are the major limitations w/ puls ox? |
|
Definition
-variability: different locations, change in light, movement
-difficult w/ darkly pigmented MM |
|
|
Term
| Do we want an expiratory or inspiratory rad film desired? Exceptions? |
|
Definition
-inspiratory
-exception: intrathoracic tracheal collapse |
|
|
Term
| Do we prefer VD or DV for resp chest films? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: The patient must be stabilized before rads are obtained. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are air bronchograms? |
|
Definition
-alveoli collapsed or filled w/ fluid
-air remains in more rigid bronchi |
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of alveolar pattern? |
|
Definition
-edema
-bronchopneumonia
-hemorrhage
-atelectasis |
|
|
Term
| What are bronchi more visible? |
|
Definition
-inflammation, hypertrophy, secretions
-peribronchial infiltrate
-calcification |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of bronchial dz? |
|
Definition
-chronic bronchitis
-feline asthma
-allergic bronchiits
-parasitic
0ariway irritant |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of bronchial calcification? |
|
Definition
-old dog
-hyperadrenocroticism |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of interstitial lung patterns? Examples of each? |
|
Definition
-nodular: cancer, granuloma
-unstructured: degen, cibrosis, pneumonia, ARDS, PTE, FBE, partial atelectasis, hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What causes transitional lung patterns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluoroscopy is ideal for dynamic studies. What are some etiologies we would want to use this for? |
|
Definition
-collapsing tracea/bronchi
-barium swallows
-angiographic studies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nasal dz
-improves visualization of superimposed structures |
|
|
Term
| What are some specific examples of CT being used for detection or extent of dz? |
|
Definition
-detection:pulmonary nodules, pulmonary bullae, other parenchymal dz
-extent of lesion: presurgical planning, radiation therapy planning |
|
|
Term
| What are the limitations of thoracic U/S? |
|
Definition
| -cannot image throuhg air or bone |
|
|
Term
| What are some diagnostic uses of thoracic U/S? |
|
Definition
-image pleural peripheral lung, or chest wall
-guide FNA or biopsies
-guide thoracocentesis or pericardiocentesis |
|
|
Term
| When is rhinoscopy used for tx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is rhinoscopy diagnostic? |
|
Definition
-visualize nasal cavity, nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses
-obtain samples for histopath, culture, PCR, cytology |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantagies of laryngoscopy/pharyngoscopy? |
|
Definition
-direct visualization of laryngeal function
-detect structural dz or FB
-swab, FNA, biopsy |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on laryngoscopy in relation for laryngeal function? |
|
Definition
-arytenoids abduct during inspiration
-doxapram to stimulate respiration |
|
|
Term
| What do we need to visualize the nasophryngeal examination? |
|
Definition
-mirror & light src
-flexible endoscope |
|
|
Term
| What is the name fo the anatomic location of the larynx that has the smallest luminal diameter? Why is this important? |
|
Definition
-rima glottidis
-this is the narrowest point thus anything that affects it is a big deal |
|
|
Term
| What does a tracheobronchoscopy do? |
|
Definition
-visualization of trachea & bronchi
-detect: sturcutral dz, airwya collapse, FB, inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of airway samples obtained via tracheobronchoscopy? |
|
Definition
-bronchoalveolar lavage
-airway brush cytology
-biopsy |
|
|
Term
| When is tracheobronchoscopy therapeutic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major difference b/n trachtracheal & orotracheal wash? |
|
Definition
| -TTW is difficult in animals <15kg & OTW is used in all sizes |
|
|
Term
| Is a TTW patient awake or sedated? Advantages? |
|
Definition
-either
-can be performed in dyspnic animals
-not endoscopically guided = doesn't need special equipment |
|
|
Term
| What is the major disadvantage of TTW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-msot useful if rads have evidence of gross bacterial dz
-OR CS consistent w/ tracheal dz |
|
|
Term
| Are BAL patients awake or sedated? Advantages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-large airways: trachea/bronchi
-can be used w/ lobar or diffuse dz
-can be scope guided |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the disadvantages of BAL? |
|
Definition
-contraindicated in dyspnic animals
-need special equipment & training |
|
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