Term
| What are the requirements for an alphavirus encephalitides equine epidemic to occur? |
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Definition
-adequate numbers of rservoir animals
-sufficient quantitiy of virus
-infected intermediate hosts
-insect vectors
-susceptible horse & human populations |
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Term
| What are the reservoirs of equine alphavirus encephalitides? |
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Definition
-birds
-small mammals
-reptiles |
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Term
| Describe the seasonality of equine alphavirus encephalitides. |
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Definition
| -follows vector season: May & Sept |
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Term
| True or False: Horses can serve as amplifires for EEE & WEE. |
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Definition
| -False, it is EEE & VEE, not WEE |
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Term
| What is the vector for EEE? |
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Definition
-Culistea melanura
-Aedes spp <= more important in epidemics |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of EEE & WEE? |
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Definition
-non-specific
-pyrexia
-anorexia
-stiffness
-CNS: propulsive walking, depression, somnolence to hyperesthesia, aggression, excitability
-progressive signs
-recumbency & death |
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Term
| How do we differ VEE from EEE/WEE? |
|
Definition
-diarrhea
-abortion
-oral ulceration
-pulmonary hemorrhage & epistaxis |
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Term
| What are three major differentials for alphavirus encephalitides in horses? |
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Definition
-trauma
-hepatic encephalopathy
-rabies |
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Term
| How do we diagnose alphavirus encephalitides in horses? |
|
Definition
-serology: acute & convalescent four-fold inc in titier
-IgM capture ELISA for VEE
-CSF: inc mononuclear cells & CSF |
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Term
| How do we treat alphavirus encephalitidis in horses? |
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Definition
-mostly supportive
-anti-inflamm durgs: Flunixin, Bute, DMSO
-fluids
-laxtives
-enteral/parenteral nutrition
-protection from self trauma
-recumbent support |
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Term
| What is hte prognosis of alphavirus encephalitidies in horses? |
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Definition
-complete recovery is rare
-residual ataxia, depression & abnormal behavior
-mortality: EEE > WEE < VEE |
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Term
| How do we work to prevent alphavirus encephalitides in horses? |
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Definition
-reduce insect vectors
-vx: titers last 6-8m |
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Term
| Which of the alphavirus encephalitides are reportable in hroses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major vector of West Nile virus? Reservoir? |
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Definition
-Culex mosquitoes
-reservoir = birds |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of west nile vius encephalitis in horses? |
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Definition
-ataxia & weakness starting in pelvic limbs
-MUSCLE FASCICULATIONS
-TWITCHING FACE OR MUZZLE
-HYPERESTHESIA
-rare: narcoleptif-like syndromes |
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Term
| What are three major differentials for west nile virus encephlitis in hroses? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| How do we diagnose West Nile Virus Encephalitis? |
|
Definition
-IgM capture ELISA
-otehrs: CSF, PCR, virus isolation |
|
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Term
| How do we treat west nile virus encephalitis in horses? |
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Definition
| -supportive care: NSAIDs, DNSO +/- corticosteroids, mannitol, vitamin E |
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Term
| How do we work to prevent West Nile Virus Encephalitis in horses? |
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Definition
-vector control
-VACCINE (kiled should be biannual in OK) |
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Term
| In general, describe the pathogenesis of rabies. |
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Definition
-rabies infects myocytes at bite sight
-incubation period in hrose: 9d to 1y
-travels up peripheral nn & rapidly replicates in CNS |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of ravies in horses? |
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Definition
-NO CS ARE PATHOPNEUMONIA
-lames to death
-hyperesthesia, ataxia, behavior change, anorexia, paralysis/paresis
-COLIC |
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Term
| What are the three forms of rabies in horses? |
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Definition
-cerebral or furious form
-brainstem or dumb form
-spinal cord or paralytic form |
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Term
| Describe the cerebral/furious form of equine rabies. |
|
Definition
-aggressive
-photophobia
-hydrophobia
-hyperesthesia
-straining
-muscle tremors
-convulsions |
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|
Term
| Describe the brainstem/dumb form of rabies in horses. |
|
Definition
-depression
-anorexia
-head tilt
-circling
-ataxia
-dementia
-ptyalism
-facial & pharyngeal paralysis
-bindness
-flaccid tail & anus
-urinary incontinence
-self mutilation |
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Term
| Describe the spinal or paralytic form of equine rabies. |
|
Definition
-progrssive ascending paralysis
-ataxia
-shifting leg lameness
-hyperesthesia
-self mutilation of an extremity |
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|
Term
| What are three major differentials for equine rabies? |
|
Definition
-HE
-EPM
-Nigropallidal encephalomalacia |
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|
Term
| How do we work to prevent equine rabies? |
|
Definition
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