Term
| What are the infectious disease that affect the eyes of food animals? |
|
Definition
-Infectious Bovine KCS
-Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Conjunctivitis
-Malignant Catarrhal Fever KCS
-Histophilus somni Conjunctivitis and REtinitis
-BVD Congenital defects
-mycoplasma conunctivitis
-chlamydia |
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Term
| What kinds of neoplasia affect the eyes of food animals? |
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Definition
-ocular squamous cell carcinoma
-malignant lymphoma |
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Term
| What is the common name for Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common etiology of pinkeye in cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the organism, Moraxella bovis. |
|
Definition
-gram-negative
-commensal |
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Term
| What are the virulence factors of MOraxella bovis that are responsible for clincial signs? |
|
Definition
-attachment to the cornea and colonization: type 4 pili
-corneal damage and subsequent ulceration |
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Term
| True r False: Pathogenic strains of Moraxella bovis are alpha-hemolytic. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, they are beta-hemolytic |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of acute IBK? |
|
Definition
-epiphora, conjunctivitis
-photophobia, blepharospasm
-corneal edema
-LESIONS STARTS AT THE CENTER FO THE CORNEA |
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|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of subacute IBK? |
|
Definition
-keratitis
-central corneal opacification => ulceration |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of chronic IBK? |
|
Definition
-severe KCS w/ or w/o anterior uveitis
-ocular rupture: spontaneous or trauma-induced |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of healing stage IBK? |
|
Definition
-neovascularization
-re-epithelialization
-corneal scarring |
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Term
|
Definition
-usually based on clinical signs
-culture from swabs early in disease process |
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Term
| What are the predisposing factors of IBK? |
|
Definition
-UV light = damages corneal epi = inc incidence of disease in summer
-mechanical irritants: dust, plant seeds, tall grass/brush
-flies may serve as mechanical vector |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-direct contact, aerosols, fomites
-bacteria shed in nasal and ocular secretions
-nonclinically affected cattle may serve as carriers |
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Term
| What are the systemic effects of IBK? |
|
Definition
-dec weight gain
-dec milk yield
-cost associated with labor and treatment
-disfigurement of eyes = lower value
- welfare concerns |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-bovine cornea has tremendous ability to heal
-M. bovis has wide range of antibiotic sensitivities
-culture/sensitivity data, especially in outbreaks
-topical, subconjunctivial, and systemic treatments |
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Term
| When do you use subconjunctival medication to treat IBK? |
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Definition
| -useful when topical applicatio is not practical or possible |
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Term
| What is the advantage of subconjunctival medication to treat IBK? |
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Definition
-maintains higher corneal concentrations than topical application
-administer in the dorsal bulbar conjunctiva |
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|
Term
| What is the most practical route of medication application to treat IBK? |
|
Definition
-systemic
-ex: Oxytetracycline or Tulathromycin |
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Term
| What surgical methods can we use to protect and support an eye with IBK? |
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Definition
| -third eyelid flap, tarsorrhaphy, eye patches |
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Term
| Which anesthesia do we use for third eyelid flap? |
|
Definition
| -topical anesthesia and local block |
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Term
| In general, describe tarsorrhaphy for IBK. |
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Definition
| -local infusion with lidocaine at lid margins + auriculopalpebral block |
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Term
| What are some medical therapies to treat IBK? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of IBK? |
|
Definition
-good if treated early
-central corneal scar often persisits but animal is functional
-prognosis may be reduced in younger animals with severe disease |
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Term
| What are some measures we can take to prevent IBK? |
|
Definition
-provie shade
-minimize dust
-mow pastures
-fly control
-separate affected animals
-vaccination |
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|
Term
| What is major downfall of vaccinaiton for prevention of IBK? |
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Definition
| -limited cross-protection |
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Term
| Which virus is responsible for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Conjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of IBR? |
|
Definition
-conjunctival injection and chemosis
-serous to purulent ocular discharge iwth blepharospasm
-small white plaques on the conjunctiva
-perilimbal edema and opacification |
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|
Term
| What are the main tow differences b/n IBR and IBK? |
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Definition
| -IBR has perilimbal edema and NO corneal ulceration |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-clinical signs
-virus isolation, fluorescent antibody techniques, serology, PCR |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-spontaneous recovery in 10-20 days
-broad spectrum antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infecition |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the etiology of Malignant Catarrhal Fever Keratoconjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How does MCF differ from IBR and IBK? |
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Definition
| -it is a systemic illness |
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Term
| What are the ocular signs of MCF? |
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Definition
-photophobia
-excessive alcrimation
-episcleral injection and scleritis
-severe conjunctivitis
-keratitis: periljmbal edema and opacification
-anterior uveitis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of MCF? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-no vaccine
-keep cattle away from sheep in endemic areas |
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Term
| What is the etiology of Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What systemic effects of Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis? |
|
Definition
-fatal septicemia of calves and young adults
-respiratory or cardiac disease |
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Term
| What are the primary ocular signs of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis? |
|
Definition
-retinal hemorrhages
-chorioretinitis leading to retinal scars |
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Term
| What are the congenital ocular defects that occur due to BVDV? |
|
Definition
-retinal inflammation and necrosis
-microphthalmia
-cataracts
-retinal hemorrhage
-chorioretinitis
-retinal dysplasia and/or detachment
-optic neuritis |
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Term
| When during pregnancy must the fetus be infected in order for congenital ocular defects to present in response to BVDV? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the common name for Bovine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most economically important neoplasm of large animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the etiology behind bovine ocular SCC? |
|
Definition
| -UV radiation on areas that lack of circumocular pigment |
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Term
| What are the premalignant clinical signs of bovine ocular SCC? |
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Definition
-small, white elevated plaques
-papilloma like structures |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of malignant bovine ocular SCC? |
|
Definition
-irregular, nodular, pink, erosive
-become necrotic as tumor outgrows blood supply |
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Term
| What are the common locations for Bovine ocular SCC? |
|
Definition
-lateral limbus
-eyelid margins
-nictitans
-medial canthus |
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Term
| Is metastasis of bovine ocular SCC common? When it happens, describe it? |
|
Definition
-rare
-local invasion of orbit and regional LN |
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Term
| In which cows are bovine ocular SCC's most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are younger or older animals more affected by bovine ocular SCC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOw do we treat bovine ocular SCC? |
|
Definition
-radiofrequency hyperthermia
-cryotherapy
-surgical removal
-laser therapy |
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Term
| Describe the use of radiofrequency hyperthermia to treat bovine ocular SCC. |
|
Definition
-heat tissue to 50C for 30 secs
-lesions larger than 0.5 cm must be treated at multiple sites |
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Term
| Describe the use of cryotherapy to treat bovine ocular SCC. |
|
Definition
-liqued nitrogen with probe or spray delivery systems to freeze tissue twice
-allow complete thawing between freeze cycles |
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Term
| Describe the surgical removal of bovine ocular SCC. |
|
Definition
-surgical debulking combined with hyperthermia or cryotherapy
-third eyelid resection
0H-plasty for eyelid masses
-enucleation |
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|
Term
| What are the recurrence rates of bovine ocular SCC? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the most economical option for treating bovine ocular SCC that recurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent bovine ocular SCC? |
|
Definition
-select for pigment around the eyes
-select against lines of animals with high incidence of disease
-difficult to manage environmental factors
-role of papilloma virus unknown |
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Term
| What are the options for anesthesia of the eye? |
|
Definition
-topical
-auriculopalpebral nerve block
-line block
-supraorbital nerve block
-peterson eye block
-retrobulbar block
-4 point block |
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|
Term
| What topicals do we use to anethetize the cornea in the cow? |
|
Definition
-proparacaine hydrochloride: works in 30s & lasts for 15m
-Xylocaine HCL: toxic to corneal epithelium |
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|
Term
| How does an auriculopalpebral nerve block work? |
|
Definition
-branch of facial nerve
-motor paralysis ONLY: orbicularis oculi |
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|
Term
| What are the indications for an auriculopalpebral nerve block? |
|
Definition
-ocular foreing bodies
-bulbar subconjunctival infections
-cryo/hyperthermia + topical anesthetic |
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|
Term
| Where do we do an auriculopalpebral nerve block? |
|
Definition
| -halway b/n lateral canthus of eye and base of ear (SC over zygomatic arch) |
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|
Term
| What does a line block do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for a line block? |
|
Definition
-surgery of lid
-lacerations |
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|
Term
| What does a supraorbital nerve block do |
|
Definition
-sensory and motor to UPPER LID
-NOT orbicular oculi mm |
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for supraorbital nerve block? |
|
Definition
-tarsorrhaphy
-lavage systems
-lacerations |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of a peterson eye block? |
|
Definition
-safer than retrobulbar block
-more efficient
-less edema and inflammation |
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|
Term
| What are the indications for the peterson eye block? |
|
Definition
-enucleation/extirpation
-dehorning
-trephination of sinuses
-eye surgery |
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|
Term
| How does a perterson eye block work? |
|
Definition
-blocks nn leaving foramen orbitorotundum
-nn: oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, trigeminal |
|
|
Term
| Does the Peterson eye block stop motor to the eyelid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the landmarks for the Peterson eye block? |
|
Definition
-supraorbital process
-zygomatic arch
-coronoid of mandible |
|
|
Term
| What do we check for on aspiration before injecting Peterson eye block? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the complications of a peterson eye block? |
|
Definition
-penetration of turbinates and nasopharynx: epistaxis
-injection into meninges
-KCS |
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|
Term
| Where do we penetrate the lids for the retrobulbar block? |
|
Definition
-medial and lateral canthus
-upper and lower lids |
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|
Term
| Structures innervated by which nerves are blocked by a retrobulbar block? |
|
Definition
-optic n
-oculomotor n
-trigeminal n
-abducens n
-facial n |
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|
Term
| What are the adverse effects of a retrobulbar block? |
|
Definition
-orbital hemorrhage
-pressure on globe
-penetration of globe
-optic nerve damage
-initiation of oculocardiac reflex
-injection into meninges |
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|
Term
| What are the points of the 4 point block? |
|
Definition
-medial and lateral canthus
-upper and lower lid |
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|
Term
| What is the name for bovine lymphosarcoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the exophthalmos with bovine lymphosarcoma? |
|
Definition
-infiltration of neoplastic cells behind globe
-secondary expsure keratitis with corneal ulceration |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat bovine ocular lymphocarcoma? |
|
Definition
-enucleation may extend life if only unilateral
-no treatmet so euthanize really |
|
|
Term
| What are the two big diseases with small ruminant optho? |
|
Definition
-mycoplasma KCS
-chlamydial KCS |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of small rum KCS due to Mycoplasma conjunctivae? |
|
Definition
-lacrimation
-conjunctival injectioon
-keratitis with neovascularization
-sometimes anterior uveitis |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of small rum KCS due to Chlamydia psittaci? |
|
Definition
-epiphora
-chemosis
-conjunctival hyperemia
-follicular conjunctivitis |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose small rum KCS due to Mycoplasma conjunctivae? |
|
Definition
| -culture, cytology, and PCR of conjunctiva |
|
|
Term
| How is small rum KCS due to Mycoplasma conjunctivae transmitted? |
|
Definition
-direct transmission
-carrier animals
-animals may become reinfected |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose small rume KCS due to Chlamydia psittaci? |
|
Definition
-cytology or culture of conjuntiva
-blood culture in systemically infected animals |
|
|
Term
| How is small rum KCS due to Chlamydia psittaci tranmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat small rum KCS due to Mycoplasma conjunctivae? |
|
Definition
-usually transient
-use oxytet |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent small rum KCS due to Mycoplasma conjucntivae? |
|
Definition
-isolation of new animals
-no vaccine |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat small rum KCS due to Chlamydia psittaci? |
|
Definition
-usually self-limiting
-oxytet |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent small rum KCS due to CHlamydia psittaci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of camelid ocular disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is congenital nasolacrimal duct atresia common in camelids? How is it treated? |
|
Definition
-relatively common
-can be surgically corrected |
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