Term
| What is the typical signalment of congenital shoulder luxation? |
|
Definition
-young
-small or mini breeds |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs seen with congenital shoulder luxation? |
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Definition
| -subtle, chronic lameness |
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Term
| What two disease processes can congenital shoulder luxation be associated with? |
|
Definition
-ligamentous laxity
-glenoid dysplasia |
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Term
| How do we treat congenital shoulder luxation? |
|
Definition
-surgical augmentation of MCL
-excision arthroplasty: if glenoid dysplasia is present |
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Term
| Is congenital or acquired shoulder luxation more common? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the typical cause of acquired shoulder luxation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is medial or lateral acquired shoulder luxation more common? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How do we diagnose acquired shoulder luxation? |
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Definition
| -palpation of the acromion of sapula and greater tubercle of humerus |
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Term
| What are the treatment options for acquired shoulder luxation? |
|
Definition
-closed reduction
-surgical stabilization |
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Term
| Describe closed reduction of an acquired shoulder luxation. |
|
Definition
-bandage palced for 2w
-exercise restriction for additional 2w |
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Term
| Which sling do we use for closed reduction of a medial acquired shoulder luxation? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Which sling do we use for closed reduction of a lateral acquired shoulder luxation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the surgical options for treating an acquired shoulder luxation. |
|
Definition
-MCL repair
-salvage procedures: arthrodesis or glenoid excision |
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|
Term
| What is bicipital tendonopathy? |
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Definition
| -inflammaiton of the biceps brachii tendon (originates from the supraglenoid tubercle) |
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|
Term
| Which breeds of dogs are predisposed to bicipital tendonopathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of bicipital tendonopathy? |
|
Definition
-intermittent to progressively lame: often subtly but worsens with exercise
-extreme shoulder pain with rOM
-point tnderness on direct palpation: extreme pain |
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|
Term
| How do we diagnose bicipital tendonopathy on rads? |
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Definition
| -may visualize minerlaization in the biceps groobe in skyline view |
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Term
| How do we distinguish supraspinatus tendinopathy and bicipital tendonopathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat bicipital tendonopathy? |
|
Definition
-biceps tendonectomy
0steroid injections |
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|
Term
| What is the most common cause of elbow luxation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do the radius and ulna luxate medially or laterally with elbow luxation? Why? |
|
Definition
-laterally
-large medial condyle of humerus prevents medial luxation |
|
|
Term
| What do we see clinically with elbow luxation? |
|
Definition
-unable to bear weight
-forelimb abducted and externally rotated |
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|
Term
| How do we diagnose elbow luxation? |
|
Definition
-palpation of limb: resist extension, prominent radial head
-rads: best seen on AP view |
|
|
Term
| What are our treatment options for elbow luxation? |
|
Definition
-closed reduction
-surgical repair of MCL/LCL
-limb immobilizaiton |
|
|
Term
| Describe closed reduction of an elbow luxation. |
|
Definition
-general anesthesia: brachial plexus block
-know where the anconeal process is in relation to humeral condyles
-flex elbow hundred degrees and internally rotate
-anconeal process should hook over lateral condyle
0extend elvow slightly
-adduct and inwardly rotate antebrachium while placing pressure medially on the radial head
-immobilization x 2-3 weeks |
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|
Term
| How do treat a congenital elbow luxation if it is reducible? |
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Definition
| -palce transarticular pin |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat a congenital elbow luxation if it is non-reducible? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| How are carpal luxations frequently associated with the radiocarpal joint? |
|
Definition
-loss of palmar ligamentous support
-can involve any carpal joint |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat carpal luxation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes carpal hyperextesion? |
|
Definition
-due to fall or hyperextension injury
-palmar fibrocartilage and ligaments torn |
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|
Term
| What do we see clinically with carpal hyperextension? |
|
Definition
-non-weightbearing lameness
-stand with carpus hyperextended |
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|
Term
| How do we diagnose carpal hyperextension? |
|
Definition
-clinical exam
-rads: perform stress views to assess collaterals |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat carpal hyperextnesion? |
|
Definition
-s;linting: does not work
-surgical: arthrodesis |
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Term
| What is the most common joint luxation in the dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hip luxation results from failure or tear of what? |
|
Definition
-joint capsule
-round ligaments |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of hip luxations? Whch is more common? |
|
Definition
-Craniodorsal: most common
-Caudoventral |
|
|
Term
| What typically causes craniodorsal hip luxation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What typically causes caudoventral hip luxation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we see clinically with hip luxation? |
|
Definition
-crepitus/pain with ROM
-limb is shortened
-limb position: adduction, eternal rotation |
|
|
Term
| How does pelvic symmetry change with hip luxation? |
|
Definition
-palpate iliac crest, greater trohanter of hte femur, ischatic tuberosity
-will feel like a straight line |
|
|
Term
| What is the thumb test for hip luxation? |
|
Definition
| -place thumb in ischiatic notch, externally rotate limb, thumb should be pushed out of notch |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the complicating factors of hip luxation? |
|
Definition
-hi dysplasia
-legg calve perthes
-acetabular fracture
-femoral neck fracture
-bony round ligament avulsion |
|
|
Term
| How successful is closed reduction of hip luxation? |
|
Definition
-anesthesia + epidural
-reduce the luxation
-rad to confirm reduction
-limb immobilization for 2-3w |
|
|
Term
| How do we use closed reduction to treat craniodorsal hip luxation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we pull the limb to fix craniodorsal hip luxation? |
|
Definition
| -external rotation => pull the limb caudally and sitally => internal rotation |
|
|
Term
| How do we pull the limb to fix caudoventral hip luxation? |
|
Definition
| -abduct the limb => provide distraction => apply lateral and proximal pressure |
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|
Term
| Describe how you immobilize craniodorsal hip luxation post-reduction. |
|
Definition
| -Ehmer sling: maintain abduction & iternal rotation |
|
|
Term
| Describe immobilizaiton of caudoventral hip luxation post-reduction. |
|
Definition
| -hobbles for 2w to maintain adduction |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat a hip luxation after closed reduction has failed? How does it work? |
|
Definition
-toggle pin
-creates a synthetic round ligament |
|
|
Term
| What are the indications for salvage procedures of a hip luxation? |
|
Definition
-chronic
-recurrent
-damaged articular cartilage
-OA present |
|
|
Term
| What are the options for salvaging a luxated hip? |
|
Definition
-total hip replacement: preferred
-femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHO) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three grades of a collateral ligament injury? |
|
Definition
-Grade 1: stretching of fibers
-Grade 2: incomplete tear of fibers
-GRade 3: complete tearing of ligament |
|
|
Term
| How does a damaged collateral ligament present clinically? |
|
Definition
-results in varus/valgus
-lameness and refusal to use limb |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose collateral ligament injury on physical exam? |
|
Definition
| -joint breaks open = excessive varus or valgus |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose collateral ligament injury on rads? |
|
Definition
-standard orthogonal and stress views
-abnormally large joint spaces |
|
|
Term
| How do we medically manage a collateral ligament injury? |
|
Definition
| -Grade 1: external coaptation for 6-8w |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we surigically manage a collateral ligament injury? |
|
Definition
| -surgical stabilization and coaptation for 6-8w |
|
|
Term
| What are other injuries that tarsal injuries are associated with? |
|
Definition
-collateral instability
-open fractures
-sheared bone
-soft tissue injury |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose tarsal injuries? |
|
Definition
-physical exam
-often medial collateral damaged: excessive valgus |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat tarsal shearing injury? |
|
Definition
-reconstruction: depends on amount of tissue trauma present
-arthrodesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -permanent fusion of a joint or multiple joints |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we permenently fuse a joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would we consider arthrodesis? |
|
Definition
-severe fractures
-ligamentous injury |
|
|
Term
| What angle do we fuse joints at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which joints are more commonly fused? |
|
Definition
| -carpus/tarses >>> stifle/elbow/shoulder |
|
|
Term
| What are different methods of arthrodesing a joint? |
|
Definition
-plate/screws
-ESF
-transarticular pin |
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