Term
| Describe the seasonality of small ruminant repro. |
|
Definition
| -polyestrous short day breeders |
|
|
Term
| What four things affect small ruminant breeding season length? |
|
Definition
-breed
-location
-photoperiod
-nutrition |
|
|
Term
| Which gland is responsible for small ruminant reproduction in response to photoperiod? |
|
Definition
-pineal gland
-secretes melatonin |
|
|
Term
| What is occurring in the small ruminant during long day seasons? |
|
Definition
-dec melatonin
-off season
-dec LH
-no ovulation
-not cycling |
|
|
Term
| What is occurring in the small ruminant during short day seasons? |
|
Definition
-inc melatonin
-breeding season
-inc LH
-ovulation
-cyclicity |
|
|
Term
| At what age do does and ewes typically reach puberty? |
|
Definition
| -5-8m but range from 3-15m |
|
|
Term
| In comparison to females, when do bucklings and ram lambs generally reach puberty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age do deer reach puberty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What physical changes occur with bucks when they hit puberty? |
|
Definition
-inc body size
-swollen neck
-development of large antlers
-inc testes and epididymis |
|
|
Term
| HOw long is the estrous cycle in does? How long does estrus last? |
|
Definition
-19-23 dyas
-24 hours (longer in older) |
|
|
Term
| How long is estrous cycle in ewe? How long is estrus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does estrous cycle last in WTD? How long does estrus last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many follicular waves does a ewe have? A doe? |
|
Definition
-ewe: 3 follicular waves
-doe: 3-5 follicular waves |
|
|
Term
| During what time of the year is the estrous cycle the shortest in the northern hemisphere? |
|
Definition
| -October through December |
|
|
Term
| What causes early luteal regression in young doe/ewes? |
|
Definition
| -lack of progesterone priming thus positive effects of estradiol on the uterus= CL formed and lysed |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of estrus in the small ruminant? |
|
Definition
-fence walking
-swollen vulva
-tail wagging
-inc in urination
-dec in appetitie
-vocalisation: does
-dec in milk yield
-homosexual activity
-clear mucus to cloudy
-personality changes |
|
|
Term
| What are some methods of estrus detection in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
-intro of a male or teaser
-fence line exposure
-Buck jar
-Buck |
|
|
Term
| What are the different methods of creating a teaser buck in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
-teasing apron
-marking narness
-intersex
-penile deviation
-epididectomised male
-vasectomised male |
|
|
Term
| When during estrus does small rum ovulation occur? How do twins work? |
|
Definition
-ovulate towards the end of estrus: 24-36h after onset
-twin ovulations 7h apart |
|
|
Term
| What are the three general methods of small rum synchronization? |
|
Definition
-male effect
-light effect
-hormones |
|
|
Term
| When during the cycle is male effect effective for small rum synchronization? |
|
Definition
-effective in late transition
-middle of August |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of ewes and does short cycle in 8-10 days due to ELR with male effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in most does with late transition exposure to males? How many peaks of estrus activity occur? |
|
Definition
-behavioral estrus and ovulation in 3-5 days
-three peaks |
|
|
Term
| What happens in most ewes with late transition exposure to males? How many peaks of estrus activity occur? |
|
Definition
-no behavioral estrus in 3-5 days but will have ovulation
-two peaks |
|
|
Term
| What is the buck/ram effect? |
|
Definition
-intact buck/ram with an apron or a teaser turned out with does/ewes in late transition for two weeks
-stimulate the does to cycle and ELR within 2 weeks |
|
|
Term
| What are light control programs? |
|
Definition
-30 days or more long days (16 hours of light)
-5=60 days of short days (16 hours of darkness)
-will induce cyclicity in 30 days, may not syncrhinize a large group of does |
|
|
Term
| Which phase is longest in small rums? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HOw can we extend the luteal phase? |
|
Definition
-progesterone influence blocks the hypothalamus for a period and up-regulates the estradiol receptors in the hypothalamus
-removing this block leads to inc GnRH thus inc FSH and LH
-follicular growth and ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -controlled internal drug release device |
|
|
Term
| How do we synchronize estrus in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
-prostaglandin
-FSH pct: eCG or PG 600 |
|
|
Term
| What is the best time to synchronize white tailed deer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dose for Lutalyse in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What methods of AI do we use on does? |
|
Definition
-transcervical
-laparoscopic |
|
|
Term
| What does success of AI depend on? |
|
Definition
-knowledge of repro anatomy and physiology
-selection
-estrus detection
-proper skill
-availability fo live/frozen semen
-good quality semen
-handling of semen
-timing of insemination
-proper deposition of semen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the source of P4 during pregnancy in the doe, deer, and ewe? |
|
Definition
-Doe: P4 from CL
-Deer: P4 from CL
-Ewe: P4 from CL during first trimester and placenta takes over |
|
|
Term
| In addition to inducing estrus, what are some other uses of prostaglandins? |
|
Definition
-induce abortion
-idnuce parturition in DOES ONLY, DOES NOT WORK IN EWES |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose pregnancy in goats? |
|
Definition
-non return to estrus
-ballottement: 90+
-U/S
-Rads > 75 days
-rectoabdominal palpation >75 days
-hormones |
|
|
Term
| When do we measure P4 levels in pregnant does and ewes to diagnose pregnancy? |
|
Definition
-Doe: 21 dyas
-Ewe: 16 days |
|
|
Term
| When do we measure estrone sulphate levels in pregnant small ruminants to diagnose pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| ->50 days in milk or urine |
|
|
Term
| When do we measure pregnancy specific proteins in small ruminants to diagnose pregnancy? |
|
Definition
->30 days after breeding
-placenta secrete PSP |
|
|
Term
| How long is gestation in does and ewes? |
|
Definition
-Does: 145-155 days
-Ewes: 140-155 days |
|
|
Term
| How long is gestation in white tailed deer? When does the embryo implant? |
|
Definition
-187-2222 days
-implantation of the embryo is around 30 days |
|
|
Term
| What kind of placentation occurs in white tailed deer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When can we start inducing parturition in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
->143 days
-use prostaglandins in does |
|
|
Term
| What are the non-infectious diseases of pregnancy in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
-pregnancy toxemia
-pseudopregnancy
-vaginal prolapse
-ruptured prepubic tendon
-ring womb |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes pregnancy toxemia? |
|
Definition
| -hypoglycemia and hyperketonemia |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of pregnancy toxemia? |
|
Definition
-negative energy balance
-rapid fetal growth
-dec rumen capacity
-/+ concurrent diseases |
|
|
Term
| Describe epidemiology of pregnancy toxemia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some predisposing factors of pregnancy toxemia? |
|
Definition
-poor-quality feed
-weather extremes
-stress-processing, transportation |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of pregnancy toxemia? |
|
Definition
-lag behind
-isolated
-fail to escape
-depression
-stiff walk
-poor appetite |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical sigs of pregnancy toxemia as it has progressed? |
|
Definition
-staggering gait to recumbency
-edema distal extremities
-apparent blindness
-teeth grinding
-sweet breath
-tachypnea
-constipation
-dec rumen contractions
-severe depression
-recumbency
-dehydration
-nervous signs: muscle tremors, opisthotonos
-death within 3-4d
-icn incidence of dystocia
-poor mammary development |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
-clinical signs
-ketonuria
-/+ hypoglycemia and inc ketones
-inc serum BHBA
-NEFAs > 0.4 mEq/L
-rule out other common disease |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat mild cases of pregnancy toxemia? |
|
Definition
| -stimulate appetite with oral fluids, propylene glycol PO, B-vitamins |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat severe cases of pregnancy toxemia? |
|
Definition
-treat ketosis
-acid-base
-electrolytes imbalance |
|
|
Term
| Describe the signs of pregnancy toxemia seen on pathology? |
|
Definition
-multiple fetusus or single large one
-liver enlarged, light yellow, friable, and cut surface is greasy
-adrenals, kidneys, and heart show fatty infiltration and degeneration |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we prevent pregnancy toxemia? |
|
Definition
-does an dewes should be on an increasing plant of nutrition the last 8w of pregnancy
-exercise
-may want the fat doe or ewe to loose weight during first 2m of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of pseudopregnancy in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
-elevated progesterone
-usually dairy goats
-appear to be pregnant
-mehorrhagic discharge
-U/S = fluid filled |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat pseudopregnancy in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can lead to vaginal prolapse in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
-old ewes or does in late gestation
-moldy or estrogenic feed
-lack of exercise
-obesity
-hereditary laxiyt of pelvic ligaments
-tail docking |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat vaginal prolapse in samll ruminants? |
|
Definition
-reduce the prolapse
-retaining suture or retaining device
-up to 40% will die
-cull the affected animals na their daughters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-failure of cervix to dilate
-failrue of endocrine control to relax or failure of cervical tissue response to hormones present
-pregnancy toxemia
-hypocalcemia |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we treat ring womb? |
|
Definition
-attemp manual dilation
-give ECP and oxytocin
-prostaglandin E
-C-section |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a pseudohermaphrodite? |
|
Definition
| -gonads of one sex and phenotype of the opposite sex |
|
|
Term
| Is pseudohermaphroditism more common in males or females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the karyotype of intersex small ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of non-infectiou infertility in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
-male component
-delayed cyclicity
-intersexes
-cystic ovaries
-toxic plants |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of infectious infertility in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
-Toxoplasmosis
-chlamydial abortion
-Salmonellosis
-Campylobacteriosis
-Leptospirosis
-Listeriosis
-Q-fever
-Caprine Herpes Virus
-BVD
-border disease
-Cache Valley virus
-Akabane virsu |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of seasonality on the male repro system? |
|
Definition
-scrotal circumference
-sperm concentration
-sperm morhpology
-affect libido |
|
|
Term
| What is the ideal buck/ram or doe/ewe ratio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does scrotal circumference correlate with in the male small rum? |
|
Definition
-sperm output
-ovulation rate in female offspring
-onset of puberty in their offspring |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the issues that can occur with external genitalia in male small ruminants? |
|
Definition
-persistent frenulum
-preputial adhesions: trauma
-posthitis or pizzle rot
-ulcerative balanoposthitis
-epididymitis |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of epididymitis in bucks? |
|
Definition
-C. pseudotuberculosis
-A. pyogenes
-A. seminus
-B. melitensis |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of orchitis? |
|
Definition
-trauma or infection
-Rams: A. pyogenes, CL
-Bucks: B. melitensis, CL, A. pyogenes |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology behind testicular hypoplasia? |
|
Definition
-polled gene
-inherited trait |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of COD? |
|
Definition
-irregular cycle
-prolonged estrus
-short cycle: receptive to the male frequently or show homosexual activity
-treatment: P4 primign with an LH pdt on removal
-successful if treated early |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of abortion in goats in North America? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reservoir of chlamydiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Chlamydiosis transmitted in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
| -oral/nasal from infected aborted fetuses and feces |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest concern with chlamydiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of chlamydiosis in small rums? |
|
Definition
-late term aboritons
-inc still births and weak kids
-placentitis
-ids infected at birth = abort
-does infected early = abort
-dies infect third trimester = abort subsequent pregnancy
-abortion = shed |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnsoe chlamydiosis? |
|
Definition
-impression smears
-PCR
-intercotyledonary thickening, cheesy pinkish exudate, necrosis of cotyledons
-necrotic foci on the liver
-serolyg: unrewarding |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat chlamydiosis in small rums? |
|
Definition
-Tetracycline in feed in last 4-6 weeks of gestaiton
-LA Oxytet q14d |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent chlamydiosis in small urms? |
|
Definition
-killed vaccines available, if used, administer and booster before breeding
-OTC in the feed staring 2-3 weeks before breeding and continue the first 50 days of gestation
-LA OTC |
|
|
Term
| What does toxoplasmosis cause in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major concern with toxo in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose toxo in small urms? |
|
Definition
-resorption
-abortion
-cotyledons are dark ed, speckled with whtie foci of necrosis/mineralization
-histo: cotyledon and brain of the fetus
-serology: prescrotal |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent and treat toxo in small urms? |
|
Definition
-vaccination: not in US
-ctrol: prevent exposure of pregnant females to oocyte contaminated feed and bedding
-cat control, especially pregnant queens and kittens
-Tx: Decoquinate
-zoonotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-spread by inahlation of dried organism, or cotnact of fetuses, vaginal discharge, and placenta
-tick bites |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we diagnose q fever? |
|
Definition
-serology: ELISA and IFA
-placentitis
-see organism on stain |
|
|
Term
| How do we control and treat q fever? |
|
Definition
-prducers should burn or bury the placenta
-isolate the aborted animals
-oral tetracycline
-tetracycline in the feed |
|
|
Term
| How is lepto secreted? How is it transmitted? What does it cause? |
|
Definition
-secreted in urine
-transmitted via skin, ingestion
-causes abortion, renal disease, anemia, hemoglobinuria |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose lepto? |
|
Definition
-dark field microscopy
-FA on kidney
-silver stains on placenta
-PCR on urine and paired sera |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent and treat lepto in small rums? |
|
Definition
| -multivalent cattle vaccine, tetracycline in the feed |
|
|
Term
| What is our major concern with lepto in small rums? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does salmonellosis cause in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
-abortion, metritis, diarrhea and systemic illness
-precipitated by stress |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of salmonellosis infection? Route? |
|
Definition
-birds, cattle, wildife
-oral |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnsoe Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
| -culture abortuses and discharge |
|
|
Term
| Which Brucella genus is in nOrth America? |
|
Definition
-B. ovis
-rarely causes abortion, more commonly causes epididymitis in rams |
|
|
Term
| What is Brucellosis called in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Listeriosis cause in small rums? |
|
Definition
| -Meningoencephalitis, abortion, speticemia |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose Listeriosis in small rums? |
|
Definition
| -culture from abortus or vaginal discharge |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat listeriosis in small rums? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is our major concerns with listeriosis in small rums? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we see on pathology of listeriosis? |
|
Definition
-infection of the placenta
-fetal death may result in autolysis in utero
-small necrotic foci may be found in liver and other organs
-culture: fetal, stomach, liver, and placenta
-FA: placenta |
|
|
Term
| What does mycoplasma cause in goats? |
|
Definition
-abortions
-can cause other conditions like mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we diagnose mycoplasma in goats? How do we treat it? |
|
Definition
-culture cotyledon, fetal liver, spleen
-tx with tetracylcines and cull |
|
|
Term
| What do Akabane viruses and Cache Valley virus cause in sheep and goats? |
|
Definition
-abortions
-transmitted by culicoides and mosquitoes |
|
|
Term
| What causes bluetongue virus? |
|
Definition
| -caused by an orbivirus transmitted by Culicoides spp |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of bluetongue virus? |
|
Definition
-infected ewes febrile, swollen discolored tongue, mucosal ulceraitons, lameness
-Fetal infections: abortion, hydranencephaly, skeletal difects |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnsoe bluetongue virus? |
|
Definition
| -sera from aborted fetuses for AB, BI, and PCR |
|
|
Term
| HOw is caprine herpes virus transmitted? |
|
Definition
| -nasal and genital routes |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of caprine herpes virus? |
|
Definition
-Kids: viremia and enteritis
-Adults: vulvovagintis, balaoposthitis, resp and abortions |
|
|
