Term
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Definition
| There seem to be 2 antagonistic orientations to the world: Approach and withdrawal |
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Term
| What is the psychodynamic approach? (Freud) |
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Definition
the original "talk therapy"
Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences--and the therapist's interpretations of them--released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight |
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Term
| What is the behavioral approach? |
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Definition
-not quite a major theme yet
-situtation that matters
-systematic desensitization (treatment for phobias when patient is progressively progressed anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques)
-token economies ( method of rewarding certain activity with tokens)
-operant conditioning (especially in institutions, and with children..use of reinforcement with desired response)
-counter conditioning (pairs trigger stimulus such as enclosed space in elevator with new response such as relaxation)
ex. for alcoholism |
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Term
| What is exposure therapy? |
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Definition
| Treat anxieties by exposing them (in imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid |
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Term
What is the major theme associted with the cognitive approach?
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Definition
There's nothing good or bad, but thinking makes it so
Cognitive therapy: Aaron Beck |
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Term
| What is the humanistic approach? |
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Definition
-People are intrinsically good; emphasis on growth
-Gestalt therapies: focus on the here-and-now, feelings, authenticity
-Carl Rogers: client-centered therapy
-get self-concept congruent with actual experience
-therapist shows unconditional positive regard |
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Term
| What is a technique used during client-centered therapy? |
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Definition
| active listening: empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies |
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Term
| What is social psychology? |
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Definition
scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
-examines the influence of social processes on the way people think, feel, and behave |
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Term
| What is correspondence bias, created by Jones and Harris in 1967? |
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Definition
| don't judge a person until you have walked a mile in his/her shoes |
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Term
| What is the actor-observer bias? |
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Definition
-We make dispositional attributions for others, but situational attribution for ourselves
-so give people the same benefit of the doubt that you give yourself |
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Term
| What is the self-serving attributional bias? |
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Definition
Our successes are due to our dispositions, our failures due to our situations
-healthy in moderation, in western culture
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Term
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Definition
an association between an act or object and an evaluation
-belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
-composed of A, B, and C
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Term
| Do attitudes cause behavior? Explain |
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Definition
much les than you think.
-LaPiere:1934, restaurants served chinese couple, despite saying they wouldnt
-general attitudes predict very little, since the situation dominates |
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Term
| What is the term for behaviors causing attitudes? |
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Definition
Cognitive dissonance
-Ex. All subjects perform boring task for 1 hour.
Control group: no lie, end with negative attitude
Exp. Group 1: Lies for $1, end with positive attitude
Exp. Group 2: Lies for $20, ends with negative attitude
A discrepancy between an attitude and our behavior leads to tension. something must have changed, usually the attitude |
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Term
| What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon? |
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Definition
| tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
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Term
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Definition
| Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
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Term
| What is social facilitation? |
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Definition
Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others
-occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with taks that are difficut or not yet mastered |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anymity |
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Term
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Definition
| a generalized belief about a group of people |
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Term
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Definition
An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members
involves:
Affect= hostility, cotempt
Behavior=discrimination (unjustifiable negative behavior)
Cognition= negative stereotype |
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Term
| What is the person-situation debate? |
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Definition
-the personality is in the eye of the beholder
-there is no stable personality that you maintain over time
-situations are much more powerful than personality in predicting behavior
critical evidence: Walter Mischel's (1968) book showing that the personality coefficient" is r=.30 |
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Term
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Definition
Correlation does not equal causation!
-be careful about interpreting research
-be careful about interpretting patters in world
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Term
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Definition
Antagonistic systems push against each other to reach a shifting balance point
-many of the behaviors we fight against are in fact functional
-this means that change is often difficult
-but understanding this principle helps you figure out change |
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Term
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Definition
the divided self. You may feel like a unified person but you contain several "intelligences" that sometimes conflict
-we may not have conscious awareness of all our motives |
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Term
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Definition
your brain is constantly adding information, but you don't know it
-what we experience feels like the truth or like a replay of past events
-but no matter how real it feels, our brain adds to the story |
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Term
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Definition
Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.
-learn to accept that not everything is caused by ( and can be controlled by) conscious thinking
-remember that thinking can have profound effects on the body |
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Term
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Definition
| -always ask whether there is another way to interpret a situation -these interpretations matter and can affect your behavior, emotions, even your health |
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Term
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Definition
The situation matters more than you think.
-don't a person until you have walked a mile in his/her shoes
-Pay attention to the subtle ways that situational factors influence your behavior |
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