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Optic Veseicles (retina)
Pituitary
Cerebrum
Olfactory Bulbs
Lateral Ventricles
Thalamus
3rd Ventricle
Hypothalamus
Optic Chiasm |
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| Parts of Midbrain (Amphibian) |
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Definition
Optic Tectum (Mammalian is Superior Colliculi)
Torus Semicircularis (Mammalian is Inferior Colliculi)
Tegmentum |
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Definition
Cerebellum
Pons (Absent in reptiles and anamniotes)
Medulla Oblongata |
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Definition
| In charge of startle response in fish |
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Definition
Simple cerebral development
Laminar and elaborated |
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Term
| Hypothalamal-Hypophyseal Portal System |
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Definition
Hypothalamus: endocrine system control
Pituitary: Hypophyseal
Neurosecretory Cells |
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| Stalk where pituitary attaches |
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| Depression in chondrocranium for pituitary protection |
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Releasing Hormones: Cause anterior pituitary to release hormones
Release inhibiting hormones:Causes anterior to stop production of release hormones |
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| Anterior Pituitary Hormones |
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Definition
TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
FSH/LH: Follide Stimulating Hormone/Luteinizing Hormone
GH/Prl:Growth Hormone/Prolactin
ACTH: Adrenocorticotropin Hormone
MSH: Melanocyte Stimulating Horomone |
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| Posterior Pituitary Hormones |
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Definition
AVT/ADH: Arginine Vasotocin/Anti-Diuretic Hormone
OXY: Oxytocin |
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Function
(TSH) |
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Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Metabolism
Growth
Body temperature |
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone/Luteinizing Hormone
(FSH/LH) |
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Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Gonads
Germ cells
Adrogens
Estrogens |
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Growth Hormone(GH)
Prolactin(Prl) |
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Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Stimulates brooding and milk production |
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Adrenocorticotropin Hormone
(ACTH) |
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Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoid steroid hormones |
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Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
(MSH) |
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Definition
| Stimulates integumentary to make melanin |
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Term
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
(MSH) |
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Definition
Anterior Pituitary
Stimulates integumentary to make melanin |
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Posterior Pituitary
Osmoregulation and water balance control |
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Anti-Diuretic Hormone
(ADH) |
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Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Prevents over production of urine |
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Definition
Posterior Pituitary
Contraction of smooth muscle especially in uterus and mammary glands |
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Circadian Rhythms
Produces Melatonin (converted to serotonin with sunlight) |
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Definition
| Endocrine gland controlled by anterior pituitary |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
Fight or Flight response
Epinephrine made in adrenal medulla |
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Definition
Gonads: Estrogens and Androgens
Adrenal Cortex: Primary Androgens |
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Term
| Divisions of Digestive System |
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Definition
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Rectum |
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Term
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Definition
Straight digestive tube
Coiled tube evolved with lengthening of tract |
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Definition
Begins at mouth
Ends at pharynx
Tongue in floor/Palate in roof
Primary(hard) and Secondary(soft) palate
Teeth |
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| In anamniotes: nasal passageways that empty into oral cavity |
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In amniotes: extends to pharyngeal cavity
Internal nares |
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Normally on jaws
Cheeks in mammals for pocket
Bicuspid: Amphibians
Tricuspid: Lizards
Pleurodont: Snakes
Thecodont: Crocodilians |
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Definition
Egg Caruncle (specialized egg tooth)
Not actual tooth
On tip of beak to penetrate egg shell to hatch |
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Definition
Egg tooth found in lizards and snakes
Actual tooth
On upper jaw
Used to penetrate egg shell |
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Definition
Aglyphous: no modifications for venom delivery
Solenoglyphous: retractable teeth, fangs
Proteroglyphous: fangs in front of mouth, modified for venom delivery
Opistioglyphous: fangs in back of mouth |
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Definition
In mammals
Space without teeth (usually canine area) |
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Labial: near the lips
Palatal: near the palate
Internasal:
Sublingual: releases venom
Parotid: salivary gland
Submaxillary: |
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Eustachian Tube
Esophagus
Subdivided for food and air passage
Formen Cecum: groove on back of tongue |
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Definition
Muscular tube connecting pharynx and stomach
Can be short or long |
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Definition
Specialization in birds
Outpocket of esophagus
Used to store food
Produces milk in pigeons and doves |
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Definition
Ferments plant matter prior to digestion
4 Chambers: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomsaum |
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Cardiac sphincter: esophagus meets stomach
Mostly lined with gastric epithelium |
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Greater and Lesser curvatures
Cecum: increases surface area
Bird and crocodilian stomachs have 2 extra parts: proventiculus(glandular) and gizzard(grinding mill) |
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| Small Intestine Structures |
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Definition
Brunner's Glands: mucous glands
Peyer's Patches: lymphatic nodules
Crypts of Lieberkuhns: glands at base of villi
Lacteals: lymphatic vessels within villi
Valve of Kirckring: increases surface area |
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| Large Intestine Structures |
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Definition
Fish and Amphibians: short and straight
Ileocecal Valve: controls passage from small to large
Sigmoid Flexure: S-shaped region near rectum
Cecum: aids in absorption, terminates at vermifrom appendix |
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| Respiratory Membrane (amphibians) |
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Definition
Thin membrane for gas exchange
Optimizes diffusion for gas exchange |
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| Things affecting Rate of Diffusion across repspiratory membrane |
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Definition
Gas content in medium
Density/viscosity of membrane
Body size |
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Definition
Used in lungfish and amphibians
Lungfish: long term breath holding, short periods of respiration |
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| Countercurrent Multiplier |
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Definition
In fish with swim bladder
Capillary network
Sets up a concentration gradient
Uses energy
Speeds up gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
Inspiration: Buccal cavity expands drawing air in from outside and lungs
Expiration: Buccal cavity contracts forcing air into lungs and out of nostrils |
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| Pleuroperitoneal Cavity expands |
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| Motor proteins moving along microtubules that move to the + end of the microtubule to the periphery of the cell |
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Definition
| Motor proteins moving along microtubules that move to the - end of the microtubule to the interior of the cell |
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Definition
2 cycles
First breath in brings air into posterior air sac. First breath out moves air into lungs
Second breath in moves air into anterior air sac. Second breath out air leaves body |
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Definition
Air flows in through trachea
Trachea to branchii
Branchii to alveoli
Alveoli passes air into alveolar capillaries |
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Negative pressure
Diaphragm contracts
Air enters and travels to alveoli
Active breathing |
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Definition
Positive pressure
Diaphragm relaxes
CO2 rich air leaves body
Passive breathing |
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Main control center is in medulla
Mechanoreceptors in chest wall and lungs monitor volume changes in lung
Chemoreceptors detect O2 and CO2within brain tissue |
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