Mirror left and right images

-Anterior (head)

-Posterior (Rear)

-Dorsal (Back) (Top Side)

-Ventral (Belly)

looking for a brain.

-occurs in bilateral animals

-simple --> Complex

-does it have one or not

-incomplete-one opening

-complete- has 2 openings in one way

is it segmented?

-is or is not

-is it repeated sub unit (earth worm)

-fused for a specific funciton- head, thorax, abdomen (ant)

a true body cavity, fully lined with mesoderm, fluid filled cavity that holds the organs

-has multiple pores throughout the body and opeming at top called oscula

-assymetrical

-no tissues, no organs, no organ systems

-different cell types that work together

-collar cells- line pores, flagella move the water into the pores and out the oscula

-filter out and trap food (filter feeders)

-once food is trapped then amoeba-like cels engulf the food/digest the food, share nutrients by diffusion

-sessile in adults

-sexual and asexual reproduction

--(sexual) larvae are free swimming

--(asexual) budding

-spicules-internal structure

--gives strength and shape

--defense mechanisms (keeps things from eating it)

---silica-glass like

---calcium carbonate- white and chalky

---protein- slimy/ mucus

-Coral, Jellyfish, sea anemone

-Radial Symmetry

-Have tentacles

-All aquatic, mostly marine

-lack brain, lack true organs (have nerve net)

-Have cnidocytes or nematocytes- stinging device on long threads

-Have barbs at the end with toxins or sticky stuff

-2 body forms

--polyp-sessile

---mouth is digestive cavity

--medusa- free swimming

---mouth is digestive cavity

-Asexual or Sexual reproduction

--Sexual- Larvae that swim

--Asexual0 Budding

-Live Signly or Colonially

--Colonially - coral reef- polyp that secretes calcium carbonate. (CaCO3), hosts single celled algae cells

• Flukes, planarians, and tapeworms
• acoelomate
• bilateral symmetry-mirror right and left
• anterior end-simple brain (ganglia)
• branched nervous system thru body
• branched digestive system thru body-incomplete
• excellent at reproduction
• sexual-true hermaphrodite (both sex organs, self fertilize)
• asexual - can split in half
• planarians
• flukes
• tape worms

• Heartworms, pinworms, hookworms
• 500,000 species
• psudeocaelmoates- most look round, tapered at both ends
• Bilateral symmetry
• simple brain, connected to a nerve net
• have a complete digestive system
• rely on cutaneous reoperation-diffusion of gases across the skin
• no circulatory, no respiratory system
• have a cuticel-flexible outer protective covering-proteins
• sexual reproduction-only male and female
• roundworms
• elephanititis
• hookworms
• Pinworms
• Heartworms
• Guinea worms

• Earthworms and leeches
• Body is segmented
• each segment is a repeated copy
• coelomate-true body cavity
• bilateral-anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral
• circulatory system- heart and blood vessels
• nerve ring in each segment
• complete digestive system (each segment(
• have a cuticle have setae (bristles) can retract
• Hermaphroditic-hae to have another, not true, do not self-fertilize
• some can split, asexual
• earthworms- aerate the soil, fish bait
• leeches-suck blood, numbing agent and anti coagulant in saliva

• Butterflies, shrimp, fleas, mosquitos, bees
• 1,000,000 sp
• most diverse
• most abundant
• adaptations
• hardened exoskeleton-made of chitin and protein
• lightweight, strong, waterproof-body armor
• must molt in order to grow-vulnerable when shed exoskeleton
• jointed exoskeleton-paired
• specific functions (sensory, feeding, locomotion)
• fused segments-for a function (only certain on certain segments)
• improved circulatory and reparatory structures
• bring o2 into the body, terrestrial-use trachea, aquatic-gills
• open circulatory system-heart but no blood vessels
• improved sensory organs
• antenna-sense
• compound eyes-wide angle view
• division of labor (behavioral adaptaion)
• reduce competiton
• larvae-eat and grow
• adult- reproduce and disperse
• metamorphosis-process of changing larvae to adult
• gradual metamorphosis-larvae->nymph->nymph->nymph->adult
• radical metamorphosis-larvae->caterpillar (leaves)->butterfly (adult, nectar)

PHYLUM ANTHROPODA

CLASS ARACHNIDA

• spider, ticks, and scorpions
• 2 body segments
• 8 walking legs
• yucky, liquid diet
• poisonous-brown recluse, black widow
• spreads disease-lyme's disease, rocky mt spotted fever
• beneficial-eat insects

PHYLUM ANTHROPDA

CLASS INSECTA

• flies, roaches, ants, crickets, butterflies
• 800,000
• 3 body segments
• head-sensory and feeding
• throaz-locomotion (6 legs)(4 wings)
• abdomen
• pests
• destory wood/timber
• eat crops
• eat food (stored)
• destroy fabric
• itch->spread disease
• benefits
• food->bottom of the food chain
• pollination(cross pollination)

PHYLUM ANTHROPODA

CLASS CRUSTACEA

• crabs, shrimp, crawfish
• mostly aquatic-1 terrrestrial, roly poly
• vary in size, body segment-up to 200 segments
• have at least 10 walking legs
• 3 feeding appendages
• microscopic->water lea, copepods, or krill-shrimp-like
• whales, bird, and fish eat it
• 12 ft japanease crab
• food chain, money

• soft bodied, no internal skeleton
• most have a shell
• bilateral symmetry-> reduced coelom
• muscular foot-> one big muscle
• mantle->drape or skirt of flesh that covers the body

PHYLYM MOLLUSCA

CLASS GASTROPODA

• snails (Shell) and slugs (slime/mucus)
• "belly foot"
• use theur foot to crawl on, ventral side (belly side)
• aquatic or terrestrial (moist to live on land)
• radula- ribbon like tongue with spikes

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

CLASS PELECYPODA

• bivalves
• "hatche foot"
• scallops, oysters, clams
• 2 hinged shells
• mantle is modified to 2 valves
• bury in foot in substate

• "spiny skin"
• sea urchins, sand dollars, starfish, sea cucumbers
• have an internal skeleton of CaCO3 plates with ridges and bumps
• adults-radial symmetry
• larvae-bilateral symmetry
• adults have no brain-have a nerve net
• adults can regenerate  parts
• digestive system-reproductive system, internal water cascular system and tube feet->how they move
• complete digestive system-evert stomachs

• only one to contain vertebrates
• still contains invertebrates
• 4 characteristics
• notochord- supports rod for the body
• dorsal-hollow nerve cord
• pharyngeal gill slits
• at some point
• post anal tail
• at some point
• 3 sub-phyla
• tunicates-inverterbates (marine, filter feeders)
• lancelets-invertebrates (marine, filter feeders)
• vertebrata-vertebrates
• innovations
• notochord is replaced by hardened vertebrate
• skeleton-protection
• muscular system
• anterior end of vertebrates modified into jaws
• better sensory organs and brain
• better circuatory and respitory system
• cuameous respiration -> gills ->lungs
• 2 chambered heart->3->4
• paired appendages-stability->movement->speed

Phylum Mullusca 

Class Cephalopoda

• "head foot" 
• octopus, squid, chamber nautilus, cuttlefish 
• use intelligence and speed for defense 
• foot is modified into tentecles 
• well developed brain capable of memory and communications (color changes)
• closed circulatory system- mouths for speed 

Phylum Cordata 

Sub- phylum vertebrata 

Class Agnatha

• jawless fish, hag fish, and lamprey ells 
• skeleton of cartilage 
• do not have hinged jaws 
• no paired fins

Phylum Chordata 

Sub- Phylum Vertebrate 

Class Chondrichtyes 

• cartilagnious fish, sharks, skates, rays 
• skeleton made of cartilage 
• have hinged jaws with lots of teeth 
• paired fins- stability and strong muscles 
• highly maneverable 
• gill slits and gills 
• 2 chambered heart 

Phylum Chordata

Sub-Phylum Vertebrata

Class Osteichthyes 

• skeleton of bone 
• most diverse and largest group of vertebrates 
• ray- finned fish 
• lobe- finned fish 
• lung fish 

• goldfish, sheephead, bass, grouper 
• flexible fins arise from dermal layer 

• coelocanths sp. only living species 
• have internal skeleton (bones) inside fins 
• believed extinct for 80 million years 

• have lungs and gills 
• poorly developed lungs 

Phylum Cordata 

Sub- Phylum Vertebrata 

Class Amphibians 

• toads, frogs, salamanders 
• tetrapods- terrestrial 
• have poor developed lungs 
• rely on cutaneous respiration 
• tied to H2O for rerpoduction 
• external fertilization 
• eggs in water- dry up 
• 3 chambered heart 
• indicators of ecosystem health 

Phylum Cordata 

Sub- Phylum Vertebrata

Class Reptilia 

• dinosaurs, lizards, snakes, turtles 
• thick scaly skin, waterproof 
• internal fertilization
• kidneys 
• jaw modifications
• 3 chambered heart 
• cold blooded (enviroment controls body temperature) 

Phylum Cordata 

Sub- Phylum Vertebrata

Class Aves 

• birds 
• archaeopteryx sp. 
• feathers- modified scales, light weight
• stay warm, warm blooded 
• flight- excellent lungs and 4 chambered heart 
• more mitocondria
• hollow bones 
• feathered contoured and lightweight
• have a keel- breast bone 
• lay eggs 

Phylum Cordata 

Sub- Phylum Vertebrata

Class mammalia 

• mammory glands
• fur/ hair 
• 4 chambered heart 
• warm blooded 
• legs for running 
• better developed brain- cerebral cortex leads to better parental care 
• monotremos
• marsupials 
• placental 

lay eggs 

platypus, achmida, spiny anteater 

have pouch 

young develop in pouch

kangaroos, koala, opossum

young feed by placenta 

stay inside longer 

class aves

class mammalia

what classes have 3 chambered hearts? 

class reptilia 

class amphibia 

Phylum Platyhelminthes 

free living 

not a bother 

Phylum Platyhelminthes 

human liver flukes 

self fertilize- egg to water 

larvae enter snail

different larvae burrow into human skin 

Phylum Platyheminthes 

scolex- anterior end 

lost its digestive system absorbs nutrients from host thru skin 

can be 20 ft 

each section is called proglottid 

phylum nematoda

harmless

phylum nematoda 

caused by worms 

carried by mosquitos

phylum nematoda 

dogs and cats 

larvae in soil 

phylum nematoda 

larvae in water fleas 

2-4 ft long 

phylum annelida 

aerate in soil 

fish bait 

phylum annelida 

such blood

numbing agent and anti coagulant in saliva