Term
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Definition
| Cognitive process by which people start with information and come to conclusion that goes beyond that information |
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Term
| Distinguish: Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning |
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Definition
Deductive: Based on the information we have, we make conclusions that are DEFINITELY true
vs
Inductive Reasoning: Based on the information we have, we make conclusions that one probably true |
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Term
| Define Conditional Syllogisms in four words: |
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Definition
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Term
| "If you drink too much, then you'll get a hangover" is an example of what kind of syllogisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| [Fill In The Blanks] Deductive Reasoning is a type of ______ logic. Typically people are ______ _____ _______ at this. Sometimes better if presented in ____-______ logic. |
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Definition
| Deductive Reasoning is a type of [formal] logic. Typically people are [not very good] at this. Sometimes better if presented in [real-world] logic. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Mental Shortcuts" that [reduce effort] in making a judgment or decision. |
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Term
Availability Heuristic:
-Define
-What is one phenomenon that increases this use of heuristic? |
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Definition
| Events more easily remembered are judged as being more probable than those less easily remembered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Correlation appears to exist, but does not exist or is much weaker than assumed |
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Term
| Representatives Heuristic: |
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Definition
| The probability that A comes from B can be determined by how well A resembles properties of B. |
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Term
| Phonemic Restoration Effect |
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Definition
| "fill in" missing phonemes based on the context of sentence and portion of word presented. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vision and Auditory perception creating an illusion. |
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Term
Lexical Ambiguity
and an example |
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Definition
Words have more than one meaning
"Computer has a bug" vs "Bug crawled across the floor" |
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Term
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Definition
| Sentences that lead a reader "down a path" that seems right but turns out to be wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversations go more smoothly if participants have shared knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using similar grammatical construction |
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Term
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Definition
| Hearing a person construct a specific grammatical construction increases the changes that other person will use that construction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Speaker constructs sentences so they include given and new information. |
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Term
| A natural language must have: |
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Definition
1.Regularity
2.Productivity (Generative)
3.Arbitrariness
4.Discreteness |
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Term
| What does Discreteness in terms of Language? |
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Definition
| Basic units of speech can be categorical into distinct categories. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Insight
2. Transformational
3. Arrangement
4. Induction
5. Decduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden realization of a problem's solution |
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Term
| Transformational Problems: |
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Definition
Solver is given a goal state.
Solver must find appropriate strategies to get form the initial state to goal state
Example: Tower of Hanoi |
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Term
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Definition
| Solver is given a series of exemplars and must figure out the pattern or rule that relates the exemplars |
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Term
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Definition
| Solver is given premises or conditions and must determine whether a conclusion fits the promises. |
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Term
| Conditional Syllogisms involve what kind of problem? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are three obstacles to overcome when trying to solve a problem. One is that a poor initial problem representation makes it difficult to solve a problem. A solution is to change the problem representation (reconstruction) What are the other two and their solutions? |
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Definition
1. People sometimes place a [False Constraint] on the permissible ways to solve the problem.
-Solution: Examine if you're imposing constraints - "Think outside the box"
2. [Functional Fixedness] is restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions.
-Solution: Use new and innovative solutions.
2. |
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Term
| Novice organize knowledge using ________ ___________, as opposed to Experts who organize knowledge using _______ ___________. |
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Definition
| Novice organize knowledge using [Surface Characteristics], as opposed to Experts who organize knowledge using [Deep Structure]. |
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Term
This is what type of problem:
1, 2, 3, 8, 13... 21, 34. |
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Definition
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Term
We can create new sentences because language is:
[2 items] |
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Definition
1. Hierarchical
2. Governed by Rules |
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Term
| Psycholinguistics does what: |
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Definition
| Discover psychological process by which humans acquire and process language |
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Term
| Language is composed what what components? |
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Definition
Comprehension
Speech Production
Acquisition |
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Term
| One reason Noam Chomsky opposed to B.F. Skinner's theory on language is because children.... |
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Definition
| ... produce sentences that they have never heard and that have never been reinforced. |
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Term
"Mary met me for lunch today. She looks tired"
How do we know who "she" is in the second sentence? What process is it called? |
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Definition
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Term
"Sharon took Aspirin. Her headache went away"
How do we know her headache went away in the second sentence? What process is this called? |
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Definition
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Term
"Ed got an alligator for his birthday"
In terms of the Given-New Contract, what is the Given segment, and what is the New segment? |
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Definition
Given: His birthday
New Got an alligator |
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Term
| In terms of language, what does "Arbitrariness" mean? |
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Definition
Lack of resemblance between the meaning and the sound or form of a word.
The word Big doesn't represent large things, it's only a three letter word that may have been created arbitrarily or derived from another language. |
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