-Store information

-Replication with high fidelity

-Allows mutations

-Double helix

One old strand is conserved in each daughter molecule

3 steps

-Unwinding (helicase) -> replication fork

-Complementary Base Pairing (RNA primer/ Okazaki fragments)

-Joining

DNA polymerase

A permanent change in base sequences

Some are due to errors in DNA replication, while others are due to DNA damage

DNA enzymes are usually available to reverse most of these changes

The ultimate source of genetic variability (raw material for evolutionary change)

Single strand

Adenine pairs with uracil in

Occurs between DNA and mRNA

Occurs in nucleus

Similar to DNA replication

Occurs on one strand

One gene at a time is replicated

Antiparallel

introns (DNA stays inside the nuclues)

exons (chunkc of RNA that make it out)

DNA serves as a template for RNA formation

An mRNA molecule is formed with a sequence of bases complementary to a portion of one DNA strand

RNA polymerase joins the nucleotides together in the 5 prime -> 3 prime direction

Occurs between mRNA and protein

Occurs outside nucleus in cytoplasm

Happens with the help of ribosomes

tRNA molecules transfer amino acids to the ribosomes

tRNA molecules bind with one particular amino acid, and have an anti-codon complementary to the codon for that amino acid

Occurs on both strands

Everything is copied

DNA polymerase

antiparallel

Bring in amino acids

Deals with codons

When 1 letter in an amino acid sequence is changed. Some have no effect.

THE CAT ATE THE RAT

THE CAT ATE THE HAT

Occurs most often because one or more nucleotides are either inserted or deleted from DNA

THE CAT ATE THE RAT

THE  AT ATE THE RAT

Produced off a DNA template in the nucleolus of a nucleus

Ribosomes are the factories where translation happens

The double-helix model of DNA resembles a twisted ladder in which the rungs of the ladder are

-a purine paired with a pyrimidine

-A paired with G and T paired with C

-sugar-phospate paired with sugar-phoshpate

-5' end paired with 3' end

-A and D

What is the percentage of Adenine in the DNA of humans?

-23.4%

-27.9%

-30.1%

-31.0%

-33.9%

If 30% of an organism's DNA is thymine, then

-70% are purine nucleotides

-20% is guanine

-30% is adenine

-70% are pyrimidine nucleotides

-B and C

In a DNA molecule, the

-bases are covalently bonded to the sugars

-sugars are covalently bonded to the phosphates

-bases are hydrogen-bonded to one another

-nucleotides are covalently bonded to one another

-all of the above

The central dogma of molecular biology

-states that DNA is used as a template for RNA production

-states that DNA is used only as a template for DNA replication

-states that translation precedes transcription

-refers to bacteria only, because humans are unique

-all of the above

The one end of tRNA molecule that carries a base triplet is called

-codon

-RNA primer

-promoter

-anti-codon end

-intron

The RNA  type that makes up ribosome is called

-mRNA

-tRNA

-rRNA

-DNA

-all of the above

The genetic code

-is universal

-is redundant

-is unambiguous

-has one start and three stop codons

-all of the above

If the original code THE CAT ATE THE RAT were changed into THE CAT ATE THE HAT

This would be an example of

-frameshift mutation

-point mutation

-chromosomal mutation

-chromosomal mutilation

-chromosomal mischief

mRNA, tRNA:

Transfers the code of RNA strand to the amino acid sequence

What molecule is not directly involved in translation?

-mRNA

-RNA

-rRNA

-amino acids

-DNA