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| Part of protein sequence and structure that can evolve, function and exist independently from the rest of the protein chain |
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| A short nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, enabling transcription to begin. In prokaryotic DNA, a single promoter often is associated with several contiguous genes. In eukaryotic DNA, each gene generally has its own promoter. |
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| In eukaryotes, a newly transcribed messenger RNA molecule that has not yet been processed (no cap and tail and contains intron) aka pre-mRNA |
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-A region of a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into RNA but is later removed, so it is not translated into a peptide or protein
-A region of a eukaryotic gene that is translated into a peptide or protein. |
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| The structure of the active site consisting of ribosomal RNA |
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-A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a certain amino acid or that initiates or terminates protein synthesis
-The sequence of three bases (triplet) in a transfer Rna molecule that can bind to a mRNA codon with a complementary sequence |
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| A short DNA sequence in many eukaryotic promoters about 30 base pairs upstream from the transcription start site |
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| In a bacterial mRNA molecule, the sequence just upstream of the start codon to which a ribosome binds to initiate translation |
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| TATAAT of six nucleotides (thymine-adenine-thymine-etc.) that is an essential part of a promoter site on DNA for transcription to occur in bacteria |
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-Change in nucleotide that doesnt change amino acid specified by codon
-Change in genotype but no change in phenotype, usually neutral w/respect to finess |
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Definition
-Change in nucleotide that changes amino acid specified by codon
-change in primary structure of protein may be beneficial, nuetral or deterious |
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Definition
-Change in nucleotide that results in early stop codon
-Premature termination - polypeptide is truncated. Usually deleterious. |
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Definition
-addition or deleterious of a nucleotide
-reading frame is shifted-massive missense. Usually deleterious |
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| Constitutive Gene Expression |
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Definition
| An abnormal (mutated) gene that produces a product at all times, instead of under certain condition only. (like cancer) |
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| Post-Translational Control |
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Definition
| Regulation of gene expression by modification of proteins (e.g., addition of a phosphate group or sugar residues) after translation |
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Definition
| A region of prokaryotic DNA that codes for a series of functionally related genes and is transcribed from a single promoter into a polycistronic mRNA. |
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| Any regulatory protein that inhibits transcription |
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Definition
| A DNA-binding protein that regulates one or more genes by increasing the rate of transcription |
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Definition
| A small molecule that triggers transcription of a specific gene, often by binding to and inactivating a repressor protein |
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| Negative Control and Positive Control |
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Definition
-Of genes, when a regulatory protein shuts down expression by binding to DNA on or near the gene
-Of genes, when a regulatory protein triggers expression by binding to DNA on or near the gene. |
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Definition
| Operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and some other enteric bacteria. |
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-A region of DNA that facilitates the transcription of a particular gene
-a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor protein binds |
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- β-galactosidase (LacZ), an intracellular enzyme that cleaves the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose.
-β-galactoside permease (LacY), a membrane-bound transport protein that pumps lactose into the cell.
- β-galactoside transacetylase (LacA), an enzyme that transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to β-galactosides. |
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| A method of identifying bacterial colonies that have certain mutations by transferring cells from each colony on a master plat to a second (replica) plate and observing their growth when exposed to different condition |
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| a hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-galactosides into monosaccharides |
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| More detail about how a bacteria goes through transcription and translation on the slides for chapter 17 |
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Term
| Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP) |
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Definition
| A protein that can bind to the CAP binding site upstream of certain prokaryotic operons, facilitating binding of RNA polymerase and stimulating gene expression. |
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| Cyclic adenosine monopohosphate; a small molecule, derived from ATP, that is widely used by cells in signal transduction and transcriptional control |
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| An enzyme that can catalyze the formation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP. Invovled in controlling transcription of various operons in prokaryotes and in some eukaryotic signal-transduction pathways |
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| In bacteria, it recognition and binding to a particular sequence of DNA |
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| In eukaryotes, the splicing of primary RNA transcripts from a single gene in different ways to produce different mature mRNAs and thus different polypeptides |
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| the study of changes produced in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence |
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| Associated with positive control by process of adding small molecules to histone proteins. This helps determine if it wants to have a particular part of a gene to be expressed or not |
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| A repeating, bead-like unit of eukaryotic chromatin, consisting of about 200 nucleotides of DNA wrapped twice around eight histone proteins |
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| biochemical process that is important for normal development in higher organisms. (It's just like acetylation) |
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Definition
| A short region of DNA that can be bound with proteins (namely, the trans-acting factors, much like a set of transcription factors) to enhance transcription levels of genes (hence the name) in a gene cluster |
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| Promoter-Proximal Elements |
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Definition
| In eukaryotes, regulatory sequences in DNA that are close to a promoter and that can bind regulatory transcription factor |
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Definition
| Degradation of an mRNA molecule or inhibition of its translation following its binding by a short RNA (microRNA) whose sequence is complementary to a protion to mRNA |
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| (Polymerase chain reaction) a laboratory technique for rapidly gnerating millions of identical copies of a specific stretch of DNA by incubating the original DNA sequence of interest with primers, nucleotides, and DNA polymerase |
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