Term
| What are the functions of the skin? |
|
Definition
| 1) Protection of underlying tissues & organs 2) Excretion of salts, water, & organic wastes (glands) 3) Maintenance of body temp 4) Production of Melanin 5) Production of keratin 6) synthesis of vitamin D3 7) Storage of lipids 8) Detection of touch, pressure, pain, & temp |
|
|
Term
| Sequence of epidermis layers from superficial to deep |
|
Definition
Epidermis
Dermis (papillary layer, reticular layer)
Hypodermis |
|
|
Term
| Is the skin vascularized? each layer? |
|
Definition
epidermis- avascular (stratified squamous epithelium)
dermis- vascular (areolar & dense irregular)
subcutaneous- vascular (elastic areolar & adipose tissues) |
|
|
Term
| Where does mitotic activity occur in the skin? what layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 phases of deep wound healing? |
|
Definition
1) inflammation phase
2) migratory phase
3) proliferation phase
4) maturation phase |
|
|
Term
| Which phase of deep wound healing is granulation tissue formed? |
|
Definition
Migratory phase
granulation tissue- the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network |
|
|
Term
| What happens during injury? Which cells migrate? |
|
Definition
| the cells of the stratum basale migrate along the edges of the wound |
|
|
Term
| What is the end of a long bone called? What covers the ends of the long bone? |
|
Definition
| Epiphysis- mostly spongy bone, covered with compact bone (cortex) |
|
|
Term
| Do dark skinned individuals have more melanocytes? |
|
Definition
| No, everyone has the same amount. It is the pigment inside that makes the color darker |
|
|
Term
| What are epidermal ridges ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 different cell types in the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are macrophages? What do they respond to and how? |
|
Definition
| Macrophages- patrol the damaged area of the dermis, phagocytizing any debris and pathogens |
|
|
Term
| What are Langerhan's cells? Where are they found and where are they produced? |
|
Definition
(dendritic cells) active in immune response
found in epidermis in the stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
| What are the most numerous cells in the epidermis? Where are they produced? How are they categorized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know the different layers of epidermis and what type of cells are located in each |
|
Definition
Stratum basale- merkel cells, melanocytes
Stratum spinosum-keratinocytes, Langerhan's cells
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is bone? What is its embryonic percursor? |
|
Definition
| dense supportive connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of bone? |
|
Definition
1)Support
2)Storage of Minerals (calcium) and Lipids (yellow marrow)
3) Blood Cell Production (red marrow)
4) protection
5) leverage (force of motion) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of cells found in teh bone? |
|
Definition
- Osteocytes
- Osteoblasts
- Osteoclasts
- Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic)
|
|
|
Term
| What are osteoblasts? Where do they come from? What do they produce? Where are they found? |
|
Definition
Osteoblasts- immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds. produce new bone marrow in a process called ossification or osteogenesis.
osteoid- matrix produced but not yet calcified to form bone
osteoblasts surrounded by bone become osteocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are osteoclasts? What is their function? |
|
Definition
cells that remove and recycle bone matrix
Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
Giant, multinucleate cells
Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals(osteolysis)Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages
|
|
|
Term
What are the components of long bone?
diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis, endosteum, periosteum, hyaline cartilage, etc |
|
Definition
diaphysis-shaft
metaphysis- region between diaph & epiph
epiphysis- end
endosteum- an incomplete cellular layer, active bone in growth and repair
periostuem- covers outer surfaces of bones, consists of fibrous & inner cellular layers
hyaline - |
|
|
Term
| osteon, lacuna, central canals, trabeculae, canniculi |
|
Definition
osteon- basic functional unit of compact bone
lacuna-organized around blood vessels that branch through bony matrix; pockets
central canals- contain 1 or more blood vessel that carry blood to and from osteon
trabeculae-meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers
canniculi- narrow passageways through the matrix, extend between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels, forming a branching network for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases |
|
|
Term
| Which bones are part of the axial skeleton ? |
|
Definition
80 bones total
skull- 8 cranium, 14 face
6 auditory ossicle, 1 hyoid
thoracic cage- 1 sternum, 24 ribs
vertebral column- 24 vertebrate, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx |
|
|
Term
What are the 8 cranial bones?
|
|
Definition
occipital bone
2 parietal bones
frontal bone
2 temporal bones
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone |
|
|
Term
| Which bone articulates with all the cranial bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which bones have sinuses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the sella turcica? What bone is it one? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bones do each of the sutures join? |
|
Definition
lamboidal-parietal & occipital
coronal- parietal & frontal
saggital- left & right parietal bone
squamous sutures-parietal & temporal |
|
|
Term
| What are the bones of the hard palate ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 14 facial bones? |
|
Definition
2 maxillary bones
2 palatine bones
2 nasal bones
2 inferior nasal conchae
2 zygomatic bones
2 lacrimal bones
1 vomer
1 mandible |
|
|
Term
| What bones make up the nasal septum? |
|
Definition
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone & vomer
(vomer is posterior part) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the ribs. How many are there? Which are considered false and why? What are the floating ribs? |
|
Definition
There are 24 ribs
1-7 are true ribs - they reach the anterior body wall and are conencted to the sternum by seperate cartilaginous extensions (costal cartilages)
8-12 are false ribs - do not directly attach to sternum
11 & 12 are floating - have no conenction w/ the sternum or vertebral ribs, they are attached only to the vertebrate and muscles of body wall |
|
|
Term
| What is coastal cartilage? Where do the ribs articulate with the vertebrate? |
|
Definition
| Coastal cartilage is cartilaginous extensions that connect true ribs to the sternum |
|
|
Term
| What bones make up the vertebral arch ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the bones of the vertebral foramen? |
|
Definition
transverse process
transverse coastal facet
superior coastal facet
vertebral body
superior articular facet
lamina
spinous process
? |
|
|
Term
Kyphosis
lordosis
scoliosis
|
|
Definition
kyphosis- normal thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated posteriorly producing a "round back" appearance (humpback)
lordosis- both the abdomen and the buttocks protrude abnormally causing an exaggeration of the lumbar curvature. may occur during pregnany or weak abs
scoliosis- abnormal lateral curvature of the spine in one or more of the movable vertebrate |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary and secondary spinal curves? |
|
Definition
cervical curve- secondary- develops as the infant learns to balance the weight of the head on the vertebrate of the neck
thoracic curve- primary- accomodates the thoracic organs
lumbar curve- secondary- balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs, develops with ability to stand
sacral curve- primary- accommodates the abdominopelvic organs |
|
|
Term
Spinous processes of cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrate
How are they different? |
|
Definition
cervical- support skull, stabilize relative positions of brain and spinal cord and allow controlled head movement- long; split tip; points inferiorly
thoracic-support weight of head, neck, upper limbs, chest; articulate w ribs to allow changes in volume of thoracic cage- long, slender; not split; points inferiorly
lumbar-support weight of head, neck, upper limbs, and trunk- short; no articular facets or transverse foramina |
|
|
