Term
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Definition
Most common psychological problem of adolescence: affects 15–20%
Twice as many girls as boys
early-maturing girls
gender intensification
adults may not take seriously
Factors
genetics
child-rearing practices
learned helplessness
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Term
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Definition
- about 800,000 girls become pregnant in the US annually
-25,000 of them are under the age of 15
-despite a steady decline since 1991, the US is much higher than any other industrialized country
Three factors heighten the incidence of adolescent pregnancy
1. effective sex edu. reaches too few teenagers
2. convenient, low cost contraceptive services for adolescents are scarce
3. many families live in poverty, which encourages young people to take risks
-40% of US adolescent pregnancies end in abortions, the number of american teenage births is actually lower than it was 50 years ago.
-bigger problem today because adolescents are far less likely to marry before childbirth.
-1960, only 15% of teenage births were to unmarried females compared to 86% today.
-increased social acceptance of single motherhood, along with the belief of many teenage girls that a baby might fill a void in their lives, means that very few girls give up their infants for adoption |
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Term
Correlates & Consequences of Adolescent Parenthood
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Definition
-teenage parents have bothe life conditions and personal attributes that interfere with their ability to parent effectively
-they are far more likely to be poverty stricken than agemates who postpone childbearing
-a high % of out of wedlock births are to low income ethnic minority teenagers
-after a baby is born,adolescents lives often worsen in several aspects
educational attainment: giving birth before the age of 18 often reduces the likelihood of them finishing high school. Only about 70% of US adolescent mothers graduate, compared to 95% girls who wait to become parents.
Marital Patterns: reduces the chances of getting married. With a child it makes it that much harder to get married and greater chance of divorce
Economic Circumstances: are on welfare. Due to education are limited to unsatisfying low paid jobs.
Their kids tend to score low on intelligence tests and take part in disruptive behaviors.
Tends to repeated in next generation.
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Term
| Hypothetico-deductive reasoning |
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Definition
-Piaget believed at first young people become capable of hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
-When faced a problem, they start with a hypothesis, or prediction about variables that might affect an outcome, from which they deduce logical, variables to see which of these inferences are confirmed in the real world.
-begins with possibility and proceeds to reality. |
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Term
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Definition
-is a tragic eating disturbance in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat. |
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Term
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Definition
-an eating disorder in which young people again mainly girls but gay and bisexual boys are vulnerable engage in strict excessive accompanied by binge eating, often followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives. |
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Term
| High School && College Drop Out Stats |
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Definition
-High School-- 10% of U.S 16-24 yr olds drop out of high school and remain with out a diploma or GED.
-rate is higher among boys and particularly high among low-SES ethnic minority youths, especially Native American and hispanic teenagerrs.
-much lower employment rates
-That over 60% of adolescents in some US inner city high schools do not graduate
College-- college attendance has risen. nearly 40% of US youngpeople earn college degrees- among the highest rates in the world |
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Term
Erikson’s identity vs. role confusion
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Definition
-Erikson was the first to recognize identity as the major personality achievement of adolescence and as a crucial step toward becoming a productive, content adult. Construction who you are, what you value and the directions you choose to pursue in life.
Identiy vs. Role Confusion
Erikson called the psycholigical conflict of adolescence identity vs. role confusion. If young people's earlier conflicts were resolved negatively or if society limits their choices to ones that do not match their abilities and desires, they may appear shallow,directionless, and unprepared for the challenges of adulthood. |
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Term
Cass’s Sexual Identity model
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Definition
1. Identity Confusion
“Could I be gay/a lesbian?”
2. Identity Comparison
“Maybe I am gay/a lesbian.”
Feels isolated
3. Identity Tolerance
“I’m not the only one.”
Seeks out others
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Term
| Cass's Model of Sexual Identity |
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Definition
4. Identity Acceptance
“I am ok being gay/a lesbian.”
5. Identity Pride
“I’ve got to let people know who I am!”
6. Identity Synthesis
the person integrates their sexual identity with all other aspects of self
sexual orientation becomes only one aspect of self rather than the entire identity. |
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Term
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Definition
Kohlberg’s theory was based on males; best known individual do argue Kohlberg's theory
Feminine morality = more caring
Caring for others is no less moral than following the law |
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Term
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Definition
Ethnic identityàsense of ethnic group membership
When my culture is different from popular culture
Strategies:
Assimilation – occurs when individuals reject their minority culture and adopt the cultural norms of the dominant culture.
Separation – occurs when individuals reject the dominant culture in favor of preserving their culture of origin.
Integration – occurs when individuals are able to adopt the cultural norms of the dominant culture while maintaining their culture of origin. Integration leads to, and is often synonymous with biculturalism.
Marginalization – occurs when individuals reject both their culture of origin and the dominant culture. |
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Term
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Definition
Passive Acceptance: Acceptance of traditional sex roles and discrimination; belief that traditional roles are advantageous; men are considered superior.
Revelation: Catalyzed by a series of crises, resulting in open questioning of self and roles and feelings of anger and guilt; dualistic thinking; men are perceived as negative.
Embeddedness-Emanation: Characterized by connectedness with other select women, affirmation and strengthening of new identity. Eventually more relativistic thinking and cautious interaction with men.
Synthesis: Development of an authentic and positive feminist identity; sex-role transcendence; “flexible truce” with the world; evaluate men on an individual basis.
Active Commitment: Consolidation of feminist identity; commitment to meaningful action, to a nonsexist world. Actions are personalized and rational. Men are considered equal but not the same as women. |
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Term
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Definition
-Early adolescence is a period of gender intensification- increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior and movement toward a more traditional gender identity. |
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Term
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Definition
-naturally occurring highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen.
-stripping away electrons creating free radicals |
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Term
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Definition
nMaximum vital capacity declines after age 25.
nStiffness makes breathing harder with age. |
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Term
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Definition
nOnly one third get enough.
nat least 20 minutes of moderate exercise five or more days a week
nmore often, more vigorous is better
nAbout 40% of Americans are inactive.
nwomen
nlow SES |
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Term
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Definition
-dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, bad and good, we and they. |
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Term
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Definition
-refers to our reflection on how we arrived at facts, beliefs and ideas.
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Term
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Definition
n30–50% drop out
nPersonal factors
npreparation, motivation, skills
nfinancial problems, low SES
nInstitutional factors
nlittle help, community
ncultural disrespect
nEarly support crucial |
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Term
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Definition
nFowler (1981, 1986)
nGod
nPhilosophical principles
nCountry
nself
n6 stages of faith development |
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Term
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Definition
n1. Intuitive-Projective Faith (age 3-7)
nMagical, illogical, imaginative, fantasy-filled
n2. Mythic-Literal Faith (age 7-11)
nReligious: God rewards his followers and punishes those who aren’t
nBanking extra prayers
nMyths and stories are taken literally
n3. Synthetic-Conventional Faith (age 12-most)
nReflects upon important people/culture
nValues “what feels right” over what makes sense
n4. Individual-Reflective Faith
nDetachment from cultural values/other people
nBegins to question why we do things
nWhat’s the point of…
nThe Bible never actually mentions… so why am I doing it?
n 5. Conjunctive Faith (rarely before middle age)
nCombines powerful unconscious ideas with rational values, often conflicting; willingness to accept contradictions
nPower of prayer with quality of life after getting a raise
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Term
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Definition
n6. Universalizing Faith (rare)
nPowerful vision of universal compassion, justice, and love
nCompels them to live their lives in a way that seems saintly (or foolish)
nPut own welfare aside, might be martyrs
nMohandas Ghandi
nMLK, Jr.
nMother Theresa |
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Term
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Definition
Multidimensional, multidirectional
Gradual transition from late teens until early twenties
exploring education, work, values, relationships
few strict social expectations
attitudes and values broaden
Can explore in breadth and in depth |
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Term
| Erikson's Theory: Intimacy Vs. Isolation |
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Definition
Intimacy
nmaking a permanent commitment to intimate partner
ninvolves redefining identity
na secure identity helps
naffects friendship, work
Isolation
nloneliness, self-absorption
nstuck in a state of searching
nnegatively associated with fidelity and love
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Term
| emerging adulthood;cultural change and variation |
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Definition
Rapid cultural change offers new challenges.
Entry-level jobs require more education.
delays in financial independence
delays in career commitment
typical in wealthy nations
In developing nations, only for privileged
Unknown in traditional, rural-based nations |
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Term
| Is adulthood a distict period? |
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Definition
Trends since 1970s
Higher education
Delayed career
Later marriage and parenthood
Emerging adulthood does not exist for much of the world
86% of young people worldwide follow a traditional path
Emphasizes personal and societal benefits |
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Term
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Definition
Collectivist
nsocial considerations
nrole attainment as sign of adulthood
nself-control
Low-SES
nemerging adulthood limited or nonexistent
nfloundering period
nunemployment
nlow-paying jobs
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Term
| Fostering success in emerging adulthood |
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Definition
Resilience
Cognitive attributes
Emotional attributes
Social attributes
Social support |
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Term
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Definition
The typical middle-class man in the 1950s chose his lifetime occupation and finished his education by his early 20s (identity), married, bought a house, and had children by 30 (intimacy)
The typical middle-class woman in the 1950s attained intimacy through marrying in her early 20s and having several children by age 30. |
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Term
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Definition
Erikson: a young adult must “face the fer of ego loss in situations which call for self-abandon: in the solidarity of close affiliations… sexual unions, in close friendship, and in physical combat, in experiences of inspiration by teachers and of intuition from the recesses of the self. The avoidance of such experiences… may lead to a deep sense of isolation and consequent self-absorption” (Erikson, 1963).
Friend
Lover
spouse |
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Term
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Definition
Unmarried, sexually intimate, living together
Increasing
The number of unmarried people living together rose 454% since 1970
May or may not be preparation for marriage
People who live together before marriage divorce at a higher rate (38%) than those who do not (27%).
Men who cohabitated before marriage feel less dedicated to their wives than men who did not cohabitate (Rhoades, Stanley, and Markman, 2006).
Can be alternative to marriage
more accepted in Western Europe
Cohabiting gay and lesbian couples report strong commitment. |
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Term
Egalitarian vs. traditional marriage
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Definition
Traditional
nclear division of roles
nwoman: cares for husband, children, home
nman: head of household, economic support
Egalitarian
npartners as equals
nshare authority
nbalance attention to jobs, children, home, spouse
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Term
| Decision to have children |
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Definition
Advantages
nwarmth and affection
nstimulation and fun
ngrowth and learning experiences
ncarry on family name
nsense of accomplishment
Disadvantages
nloss of freedom
nfinancial strain
nrole overload
naffect mother’s job
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Term
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Definition
-most serious disease
-in which heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collect on the walls of the main arteries.
-begins in early life, progresses during middle adulthood and culminates in serious illness
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| attachment history affecting adulthood |
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Definition
-secure---comfortable with intamcy,not afraid of abandonment
trust, happiness, friendship
-avoident--stress, mistrust, anxiety, jealousy, emotionl distance
-resistant--seek quick love, complete merging, desperation |
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