Term
Ivan Pavlov was a(n):
A. Russian physiologist.
B. Russian psychologist.
C. American physiologist.
D. German psychologist. |
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Term
In the early 1900s, Ivan Pavlov:
A. believed that the study of classical conditioning should be expanded to investigate how conscious thoughts, perceptions, and other subjective mental states influence the conditioning process.
B. wanted nothing to do with the newly established science of psychology, with its emphasis on studying subjective states of consciousness.
C. founded behaviorism as a new school of thought and was elected president of the American Psychological Association.
D. began investigating the role of classical conditioning in schizophrenia and other mental disorders. |
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Definition
| wanted nothing to do with the newly established science of psychology, with it's emphasis on studying subjective states of consciousness |
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Term
Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of learning:
A. that consequences follow a behavior.
B. by observing others' behaviors.
C. the relationship between a behavior and a reinforcer.
D. an association between two stimuli. |
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Definition
| association between two stimuli |
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Term
After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. The dog's salivation to the sound of the bell is called the:
A. unconditioned response (UCR).
B. conditioned response (CR).
C. conditioned stimulus (CS).
D. unconditioned stimulus (UCS). |
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Definition
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Term
Prior to conditioning, a dog does not salivate to the sound of a ringing bell. At this point, the ringing bell is a(n):
A. unconditioned stimulus.
B. unconditioned response.
C. neutral stimulus.
D. conditioned response. |
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Term
When Micah was 2 years old, he was frightened by his Aunt Mabel's little dog, which had nipped him on the leg. Because of the incident, Micah developed a strong fear of small dogs but not of large dogs. This best illustrates which of the following?
A. spontaneous recovery
B. stimulus discrimination
C. stimulus generalization
D. extinction |
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Definition
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Term
John B. Watson believed that psychology should study:
A. consciousness.
B. observable behavior.
C. conditioned stimuli.
D. physiological processes. |
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Term
uestion 8 of 40 2.5 Points
The famous “Little Albert” study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated:
A. that even a baby can be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell.
B. that it was possible to condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.
C. that it is impossible to condition fear to wooden blocks.
D. the natural process of extinction in a baby. |
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Definition
| that it was possible to condition an emotional reaction to a previoiusly neutral stimulus |
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Term
f you touch something hot, you will reflexively withdraw your hand. Using Pavlov's terminology, reflexively withdrawing your hand would be termed a(n):
A. unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
B. unconditioned response (UCR).
C. conditioned stimulus (CS).
D. conditioned response (CR). |
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Term
Psychologist John Garcia found that rats did not learn to associate a taste with flashing lights and noise. However, rats do learn to associate a taste with getting ill. Which of the following concepts best accounts for this observation?
A. latent learning
B. biological preparedness
C. spontaneous recovery
D. the partial reinforcement effect |
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Definition
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Term
In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what will occur?
A. stimulus generalization
B. stimulus discrimination
C. extinction
D. spontaneous recovery |
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Definition
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Term
In Watson and Rayner's famous “Little Albert” study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A. the loud clanging sound
B. the sight of the white rat
C. fear in response to the loud clanging sound
D. fear in response to the sight of the rat |
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Definition
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Term
In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the dog's salivating was a(n):
A. conditioned stimulus (CS).
B. unconditioned response (UCR).
C. conditioned response (CR).
D. discriminative stimulus. |
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Definition
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Term
What was the unconditioned response (UCR) in Watson and Rayner's famous “Little Albert” study?
A. the loud clanging sound
B. the sight of the white rat
C. fear in response to the loud clanging sound
D. fear in response to the sight of the rat |
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Definition
| fear in response to loud clanging sound |
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Term
Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called:
A. spontaneous recovery.
B. stimulus discrimination.
C. backward conditioning.
D. stimulus generalization. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following best illustrates classical conditioning?
A. After watching another three-year-old stick out her tongue at the daycare worker, Beth does the same thing.
B. Jenny studied hard to achieve a high grade point average.
C. Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Allen gets anxious in small enclosed rooms.
D. Susan gives her daughter five dollars a week to help with chores around the house. |
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Definition
| his older brother once locked him in the closet and now he gets anxious in small rooms |
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Term
What happened after “Little Albert” was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?
A. Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.
B. The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response.
C. Stimulus discrimination occurred; Albert responded with fear to white rats but not brown rats.
D. The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished. |
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Definition
| stimulus generalization occurred |
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Term
Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon?
A. learned helplessness
B. punishment
C. negative reinforcement
D. taste aversion |
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Definition
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Term
After a dog had been conditioned to salivate at the sight of meat powder, the meat powder was presented to the dog every three minutes and held just out of the dog's reach. Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva secreted by the dog decreased to zero, indicating that _____ had occurred.
A. negative reinforcement
B. biological preparedness
C. extinction
D. spontaneous recovery |
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Term
Steven Spielberg's classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark's appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, fear in response to the sound of the eerie music was a(n):
A. unconditioned response (UCR).
B. conditioned response (CR).
C. conditioned stimulus (CS).
D. unconditioned stimulus (UCS). |
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Definition
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Term
Initially, an infant has no response to a nurse's white uniform. But after a couple of painful experiences of getting a vaccination shot from a nurse in a white uniform, the infant will react with fear in response to a nurse in a white uniform who simply walks into the examining room. In this example, the sight of a nurse in a white uniform has become a(n) _____ to the infant.
A. unconditioned response (UCR)
B. conditioned response (CR)
C. conditioned stimulus (CS)
D. unconditioned stimulus (U |
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Definition
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Term
The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery provides support for the idea that:
A. a conditioned response that is extinguished is not unlearned or completely eliminated.
B. a conditioned stimulus can return to being a neutral stimulus after extinction.
C. stimulus generalization is a stronger, more easily produced response than stimulus discrimination.
D. it is easier to produce learned associations between natural stimuli than artificial stimuli. |
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Definition
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Term
Skinner coined the term operant to describe:
A. active behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences.
B. the operational relationship between a conditioned stimulus as it relates to a reinforcer.
C. involuntary behaviors that were subject to the laws of learning but operated independently.
D. the relationship between behaviors and conditioned stimuli that elicited the behaviors. |
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Definition
| active behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences |
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Term
It was _____ who was the author of a landmark article entitled “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.” The opening sentences read, “Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior.”
A. John B. Watson
B. Albert Bandura
C. Ivan Pavlov
D. Edward L. Thorndike |
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Definition
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Term
Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and punishment _____ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
A. increases; increases
B. increases; decreases
C. decreases; increases
D. decreases; decreases |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE?
A. Punishment is most effective if it consistently follows a response.
B. If punishment is intense, it may produce undesirable results, such as complete passivity or hostility.
C. The effects of punishment are often temporary.
D. Punishment is the most effective way to teach or promote new behaviors that are more desirable or appropriate. |
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Definition
| Punishment is the most effective way to teach or promote new behaviors that are more desirable or appropriate. |
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Term
According to B. F. Skinner, superstitious behaviors are the result of:
A. continuous reinforcement.
B. accidental reinforcement.
C. fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement.
D. extinction. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following would be an example of a primary reinforcer?
A. winning the Nobel prize
B. a college diploma
C. a check for $10,000
D. a cold drink on a hot day |
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Definition
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Term
The text describes the conditioning of learned helplessness in dogs. According to the text discussion, why did the dogs display learned helplessness?
A. The dogs were reinforced for passive behavior.
B. All other operant responses were punished.
C. The dogs had developed the cognitive expectation that there was nothing they could do to escape or change their environment.
D. The behavior they needed to learn was too complex for dogs to perform. |
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Definition
| C. The dogs had developed the cognitive expectation that there was nothing they could do to escape or change their environment. |
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Term
What is the “law of effect”?
A. It was a notion suggested by Marion and Keller Breland that described how wild animals are affected by their instinctual behaviors when trying to learn new behaviors.
B. It was the theoretical model suggested by John B. Watson to describe the effect of fear on infants.
C. It was the basic rule that Albert Bandura used to explain how imitation occurs in a wide variety of social situations.
D. It was a principle formulated by Edward Thorndike that described how voluntary behaviors can be modified by their consequences. |
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Definition
| It was a principle formulated by Edward Thorndike that described how voluntary behaviors can be modified by their consequences. |
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Term
An operant can be defined as:
A. someone whose actions you observe.
B. a voluntary action.
C. an automatic, reflexive behavior.
D. the mental image of an object or action. |
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Definition
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Term
A Skinner box is a:
A. chamber from which an animal must learn to escape.
B. small glass cage with a food dispenser.
C. complicated maze with a “start” box and a food reward in the “goal” box at the end of the maze.
D. room with video cameras concealed behind screens. |
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Definition
| small glass cage with a food dispenser |
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Term
Who formulated the “law of effect”?
A. B. F. Skinner
B. John B. Watson
C. Edward L. Thorndike
D. Ivan Pavlov |
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Definition
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Term
At the beginning of the semester, the humanities instructor explains that there will be ten surprise quizzes over the semester, so students are strongly encouraged to keep up with their reading and attend every class. The humanities instructor is using a _____ schedule of reinforcement to encourage studying and class attendance.
A. variable-ratio
B. fixed-interval
C. fixed-ratio
D. variable-interval |
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Definition
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Term
Andrew works for NASA and gets paid once a month, whereas his friend George works at a fast-food restaurant and gets paid once a week. Despite the difference in when they are paid, both are paid on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
A. fixed-ratio
B. fixed-interval
C. variable-ratio
D. variable-interval |
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Definition
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Term
A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet every time it presses the bar. This is an example of:
A. partial reinforcement effect.
B. a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.
C. continuous reinforcement.
D. superstitious behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
Cal works in a factory and is paid based upon his productivity. For every 100 widgets that Cal assembles, he receives $10. The owners of the factory are using a _____ schedule of reinforcement to pay Cal.
A. fixed-interval
B. fixed-ratio
C. variable-interval
D. variable-ratio |
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