Term
| What term refers to inflammation of the oral cavity (mouth)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the tongue |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Leukoplakia is considered to be a precancerous lesion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to inflammation of the salivary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease/disorder is referred to as reflux of gastric juices? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If somebody suffers from dysphagia, what is their chief complaint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two origins of blood of hematemesis? What differences does the origin play in appearance? |
|
Definition
| Red blood comes from the esophagus while "coffee-ground blood" comes from the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between melena and hematochezia? |
|
Definition
| Melena is digested blood within the stool while hematochezia is unaltered blood mixed within the stool. |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of achalasia? What does the physiological significance? What does this problem result in? |
|
Definition
| Achalasia is the failure to relax which causes a spasm of the esophageal sphincter. The spasm results in dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and regurgitation. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the relative location of a hiatal hernia? |
|
Definition
| Where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What term refers to an outpouching of the alimentary canal> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Mallory-Weiss Syndrome? How does it arise? |
|
Definition
| A longitudinal tear/laceration in the gastroesophageal junction as a result of severe retching or vomiting? |
|
|
Term
| What age group do we generally see pyloric stenosis? What is the main sign/symptom? |
|
Definition
| Infants with severe projectile vomiting |
|
|
Term
| What does inflammation of the gastric mucosa refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number one cause of gastritis? |
|
Definition
| Helicobacter pylori or H. pylori |
|
|
Term
| What disease can often arise as a result of chronic gastritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number one cause of peptic ulcer disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between atresia and stenosis? |
|
Definition
| Atresia is a complete obstruction while stenosis is narrowing |
|
|
Term
| How could one differentiate between intussuception and volvulus? |
|
Definition
| Intususception is a telescoping type hernia while a volvulus is twisting of the GI Tract. |
|
|
Term
| What is the category in which herniations, adhesions, intussusceptions, and volvulus' of the GI Tract fall under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dilitations of small blood vessels in mucosa and submucosa of the right colon or cecum that are prone to bleeding. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Hemorrhoids affect the arteries of the anus? |
|
Definition
False
They affect the veins of the anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low volume of bloody, painful, stool |
|
|
Term
| Specifically, what is diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| High volume of watery, unformed stool which occurs frequently |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical pathological finding in reference to irritable bowel disease? |
|
Definition
| Trick question, irritable bowel disease does not present pathological findings |
|
|
Term
If a person presented the following symptoms, what could be a potential diagnosis?
Abdominal pain, bloating, variability in bowel movements or consistency, temporary relief with bowel movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is enterocolitis and how does it arise? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation of bowel associated with diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Pseudomembranous colitis is often a result from taking _______________________. The pathological finding would be an increase in ____________ |
|
Definition
Broad spectrum antibiotics for an extended period of time
Increase in C. Dificile |
|
|
Term
| What category of disease does celiac sprue fall under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is also known as gluten sensitivity enteropathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How could one help contain celiac sprue? |
|
Definition
| By eating a gluten free diet |
|
|
Term
| What category of disease does crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis fall under? |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease |
|
|
Term
| What disease is easily identified by the presence of transmural inflammation and a strictured lumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the typical treatment for Crohn's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of the colon are affected by ulcerative colitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does ulcerative colitis begin within the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What disorder can be identified by the following symptoms?
Bloody, mucoid diarrhea that persists for days, weeks, or months. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ileus is a complication of ulcerative colitis. What is the significance of Ileus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of ulcerative colitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How could one define diverticulitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the body is most affected by neoplasms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The exocrine pancreas has what type of function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 components of pancreatic juice and what part of the pancreas do they arise from? |
|
Definition
| Water, bicarbonate, mucus, and digestive agents. The juice arises from the exocrine part of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 hormones of the pancreas and what is their function? |
|
Definition
Protease - inactive form of a protein which digests proteins
Lipase - digests fats
Amylase - digest carbohydrates/starch |
|
|
Term
| What anatomical location within the pancreas secretes hormones into the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are three major types of cells within the Islets of Langerhans. What are they and what is their significance? |
|
Definition
Alpha cells - secrete glucagon
Beta cells - secrete insulin
Delta cells - secrete somatostatin |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of somatostatin? |
|
Definition
| To inhibit the secretion of insulin and glucagon |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Acute pancreatitis often arises from an autoimmune disorder or a bacterial inflammation. |
|
Definition
False
Acute pancreatitis often arises from a sterile, chemical inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathlogical finding of a person who has chronic pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient presents symptoms for acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis, what would be the clinical significance within the laboratory in respect to the patients amylase and lipase levels. |
|
Definition
Amylase levels would rise and fall quickly
Lipase levels would slowly rise and remain high for a long duration |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of cancer seen within the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient presents symptoms of diabetes mellitus, what would be a typical level for a fasting blood glucose in order to confirm the diagnosis? What would the hemoglobin A1C level be? |
|
Definition
126 mg/dL or higher
Hemoglobin A1C 6.5 or higher |
|
|
Term
| How does Type 1 diabetes mellitus arise? |
|
Definition
| From an inherited autoimmune disorder which destroys the islets of langerhans |
|
|
Term
| Why does Type 2 diabetes mellitus arise? |
|
Definition
| The peripheral tissues become resistant to the action of insulin, thus, glucose remains in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What are four long term complications associated with diabetes? (categories) |
|
Definition
| Vascular disease, kidney disease, eye disease, neurological disease |
|
|
Term
| What process do hepatocytes undergo in order to divide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the liver do with aging or damaged rbc's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to the impairment of bile flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is hepatitis A transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is hepatitis E transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Hepatitis B, C, and D are all transmitted from the parents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hepatic steatosis and what disease is it associated with? |
|
Definition
| Fatty liver associated with phase 1 of alcoholic liver disease |
|
|
Term
| What is phase two of alcoholic liver disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the third, and final stage of alcoholic liver disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hereditary Hemochromatosis or (HH) results from what? |
|
Definition
| Excessive accumulation of iron through intestinal absorption. |
|
|
Term
| If somebody has wilsons disease, what compound are they in excess of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common way of getting a tumor of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the gall bladder? |
|
Definition
| To store and regulate the release of bile |
|
|
Term
| What is the medical term for gallstones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the gall bladder |
|
|
Term
| What is the master gland of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The endocrine system is ultimately controlled by the _________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The posterior pituitary gland is most involved with diseases of the pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LH adenoma and FSH adenoma are a result of what disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient suffers from gigantism, which area of the body is likely the culprit of disorder? |
|
Definition
| Pituitary gland "hyperpituitarism" |
|
|
Term
| ACTH adenoma's result in what disease? What are the clinical findings of this disease? |
|
Definition
| Cushing syndrome resulting from too much cortisol from the adrenals |
|
|
Term
| What has the major potential to cause an ACTH adenoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of acromegaly? What is a major factor in causing acromegaly? |
|
Definition
Coarse appearance, big hands and feet, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, CHF, osteoporosis.
Caused by hyperpitutarism |
|
|
Term
| If a patient suffers from an ADH deficiency, what part of the body is most likely causing such a deficit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 90 percent of Graves disease patients suffer from what other disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What symptom is unique to Graves disease patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Graves disease do to the autonomic nervous system and overall metabolic state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothyroidism in early childhood often results in what disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothyroidism in older children/adults often results in what disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the T3 and T4 laboratory evaluation often state about thyroid function? |
|
Definition
If T3/T4 is increased one is in hyperthyroidism
If decreased one is in hypothyroidism |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of increased TSH levels? |
|
Definition
| Hypothyroidism OR hyperthyroidism associated with pituitary abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common thyroid abnormality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis often causes two abnormalities. What are they? |
|
Definition
| Goiter's and hypothyroidism |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of primary hyperparathyroidism? |
|
Definition
| Parathyroid hyperplasia or adenoma |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes hypoparathyroidism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient has increased levels of cortisol, aldosterone, and androgenic hormones, what area of the body is in a diseased state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient has either pheochromocytoma or neuroblastoma, what area of the body is in a diseased state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient is secreting too much ACTH, what physiological event will occur within the body? |
|
Definition
| Overproduction of cortisol |
|
|
Term
| If a patient suffers from hyperaldosteronism, what symptoms are likely to be present> (3) |
|
Definition
| HBP, low blood potassium, low blood renin |
|
|
Term
| If a patient is said to be suffering from congenital adrenal hyperplasia, what physiological event is likely occurring within the body? |
|
Definition
| Overproduction of androgenic hormones |
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are likely to be in a defecit if a patient suffers from congenital adrenal hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
| Deficits of aldosterone and cortisol |
|
|
Term
| How could one likely overcome an acute adrenocortical crisis? |
|
Definition
| If the received a cortisol replacement |
|
|
Term
| What is the likely cause of addisons disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the medical term for addisons disease? |
|
Definition
| Chronic adrenocortical insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| If a patient is suffering from pheochromocytoma, what physiological event is occurring? |
|
Definition
| Increase secretion of catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| What type of patient is likely to suffer from a neuroblastoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the acronym for remembering the hormones of the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
Flat Peg
FSH, LH, ACHT, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, Growth Hormone |
|
|
Term
| What hormones come from the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thyroid releases what hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones originate from the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
| Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgenic Hormones |
|
|
Term
| Where does E and NE arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Too much ACTH results in ________. Too little results in ________ |
|
Definition
| Cushing syndrome, Addisons Disease |
|
|
Term
| What area of the body does prolactin act upon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of the body does oxytocin act upon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease arises from an insufficiency of ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the parathyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| To control calcium homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| Too much parathyroid hormone results in _____________ while too little results in __________________ |
|
Definition
Increased blood calcium
Low blood calcium |
|
|
Term
| Increased T3 and T4 results in ______________ while too little results in _______________ |
|
Definition
Graves disease
Cretinism or Myxedema |
|
|
Term
| What hormone of the kidney functions to raise blood pressure> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the secretion of the hormone aldosterone result in? |
|
Definition
| Increase sodium reabsorption and vasoconstricton |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the hormond ANH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased daily output of urine |
|
|
Term
| What term refers to pus in the urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute renal failure has three stages. What are they and what is the result of each? |
|
Definition
Prerenal - shock or heart failure
Renal - glomerular destruction
Postrenal - Obstruction |
|
|
Term
| How could one characterize nephritic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Disorder of glomeruli characterized by edema, hypertension, hematuria, mild proteinuria. |
|
|
Term
| What are three causes to acute nephritic syndrome? |
|
Definition
Post-streptococcal infection
Other bacterial infection
Viral infection |
|
|
Term
| What is the main difference between nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria. The way to remember it is nephrotic and protein both have an O. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main cause of acute glomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
| Upper respiratory streptococcal infection |
|
|
Term
| What disease is characterized by sever glomerular injury accompanied by the formation of a nexudate in the glomerular space? |
|
Definition
| Crescentic Glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| What is the orientation of inflammatory cells in a patient with crescentic glomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory cells surround the compressed capillary loops in a crescent form |
|
|
Term
| What is membraneous nephropathy? |
|
Definition
| Membranous thickening of glomerular basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| What causes membranous nephropathy? |
|
Definition
| Deposition of immune complexes |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for lipoid nephrosis and how is it treated? |
|
Definition
Aka minimal change disease or NIL disease
Treated with corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| How is a patient with chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis treated? |
|
Definition
| They aren't since treatment doesn't work |
|
|
Term
| What significance does the thickening of the basement membrane of the glomerulus have? |
|
Definition
| Increases permeability leading to proteinuria |
|
|
Term
| What are the two other names for urinary stones? |
|
Definition
| Urinary calculi and urolithiasis |
|
|
Term
| What type of stone account for 75 percent of all urinary stones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of stone typically arises as a result of a UTI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do cysteine stones arise? |
|
Definition
| Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What is cystitis and how does it differ from pyelonephritis? |
|
Definition
| Both are UTI's except cystitis affects the bladder while pyelonephritis affects the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| In reference to acute tubular necrosis, what is the result of a sudden decrease in arterial pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chief reason that acute tubular necrosis occurs? |
|
Definition
| Ischemia (decrease in blood blow) |
|
|
Term
| How is acute tubular necrosis treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nephroangiosclerosis is an atherosclerosis of which parts of the body? |
|
Definition
| Aorta, renal artery, or major branches |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Renal ischemia decreases renin production. |
|
Definition
False
Increases/stimulates |
|
|
Term
| What category of a tumor does a Wilms' tumor fall under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common solid tumor in infants and young children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age range could a patient have a clinically apparent Wilms' Tumor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
A carcinoma of the urinary bladder is 2 times more common than renal cell carcinoma and results in twice as many deaths. |
|
Definition
False
Although urinary bladder carcinoma is twice as common as renal cell carcinoma, they both result in the same amount of deaths. |
|
|
