Term
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Definition
| Behavior that causes the aversive stimuli to stop |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that prevents the aversive stimulus from occurring |
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Term
| The Two-Process Theory of Avoidance |
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Definition
| consists of classical and operant conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
1) Have avoidance
2) Often requires single pairing |
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Term
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Definition
Obsessions- persistent thoughts, impulses or images
Compulsions- Repetitive actions, in response to the obsessions
Cleaning and checking are the two most common forms |
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Term
| OCD-AND TWO PROCESS THEORY |
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Definition
Garbage elicits a strong anxiety response (classical cond)
Taking a shower results in the removal of anxiety (operant conditioning).
This understanding led to the first effective treatment for anxiety disorders, exposure and response prevention. |
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Term
| OCD- EXPOSURE AND RESPONSE PREVENTION |
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Definition
Combines gradual exposure- systematic desensitization
With prolonged exposure- flooding |
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Term
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Definition
| Punishment weakens a behavior through presenting an aversive stimulus or removing an appetitive stimulus. |
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Term
| Two Types of Negative Punishment |
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Definition
Time-out- takes away reinforcers for a period following a problem behavior.
Response cost- The removal of a reinforcer following a problem behavior
(I.E. Fine- loss of money or Taking a toy for rough play.) |
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Term
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Definition
-The activity itself is punishing
-The person performing the behavior is less likely to repeat it |
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Term
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Definition
| - does not involve the behavior itself, but follows the behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
- Does not teach correct behavior
-Person could become discrimitve stimulus ( Behavior is only suppressed in presence of punisher.)
-Teaches person to avoid the punisher
- Can elicit strong emotional support. ( aggression, backed into a corner, )
-Could model the aggression and control
-Lead to escalation. |
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Term
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Definition
-Better Behavior
-Decrease crying
-Increase attention. |
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Term
| Correct way to use punishment ? |
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Definition
-Immediately rather then delayed
- Consistency
- Severe punishment at onset
- Negative punishment is better
-Provide Explanation
-Combine with reinforcement for good behavior |
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Term
| Conditioned Suppression Theory |
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Definition
| punishment does not weaken the behavior, just causes an emotional response, the behavior will return. |
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Term
| Avoidance Theory of Punishment |
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Definition
| All behaviors besides the one being punished are actually being reinforced |
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Term
| Premack Approach to Punishment |
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Definition
| A low probability behavior can be used to punish a high probability behavior. ( If you cheat on your diet you have to run two miles.) |
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Term
| Effects of Noncontingent Punishment |
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Definition
-Learned Helplessness
-Experimental Neurosis
-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Term
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Definition
-Proportion of behavior emitted equals the proportion of reinforcers obtained.
Twice as likely to score a goal. Twice the time practicing shooting from that angle.
-Allocate their choices in direct proportion to the rewards they provide.
- So, response rate to a scenario will be proportionate to the amount/duration of positive reinforcement delivered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when there is little cost for switching. ( If we are losing by 50 points. I come out of goal and play sweeper.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when the cost of switching is very high. ( I.e. game is on the line so I don't come out of the goal box.) |
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Term
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Definition
| We simply like one choice more. ( I like playing defense over offense.) |
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Term
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Definition
| We match behavior to maximize reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
Change behavior to obtain the most highly valued rewards.
-Never delayed gratification. Always immediate.
(I.e. Studying for an easy test because you know you'll make an A. ) |
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Term
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Definition
| Being able to see the self and stop the self from behaving in ways that violate others or self |
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Term
| Self - Control and Skinner |
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Definition
- Involves conflicting outcomes
-Positive and negative consequences can occur, which outweighs the other |
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Term
| Four ways to improve self-control |
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Definition
Physical Restraint- (Leave your money at home, give your phone to someone for the evening.)
Satiating-( Shop immediately after eating)
Do Something Else- (Chew gum instead of smoke.)
Self-Reinforce or Self-Punish- (not very effective) |
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Term
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Definition
| Says self-control is a choice between immediate vs. delayed consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-control is therefore the ability to delay gratification. |
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Term
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Definition
Say the farther away the reward, the less value it has in the present moment ( Rusans now, instead of mexican next week.)
Value increases slowly at first, but as the reward time is nearer, its value increases sharply ( 88 on a test this week or 100 next week.) |
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Term
| What makes a difference in the ability to control? |
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Definition
1) Genetics- impulsivity.
2) Maturity
3) Experience with delayed rewards
4) Availiabilty of other rewards.
5) A plan with subgoals
6) Commitment - make a tangible commitment early to deal with the temptation that will come later, |
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