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| Behaviorism, Mechanistic, and Reductionistic. Studied animal learning, human learning, education and mental testing |
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| Found rationalism, senses are unreliable - introspection |
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| Tabula Rasa - blank slate |
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| Sensation testing with pens (Webers law), developed psychophysics |
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| examination of one's own mind to inspect and report on personal thoughts and feelings |
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| the conscious mind has the capacity to organize contents of mind into higher-level thought process |
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| the process by which mental elements are organized; active processes; the mind performs creative synthesis on elements |
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| came to Cornell in 1892 (Start of structuralism) died in 1927 (when structuralism died) |
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| the study of human experience in terms of the contents or elements of consciousness; dividing conscious events into their smallest component parts |
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Consciousness: sum of experiences as they occur at a given time
Mind: sum of experiences over time |
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| Titchener method of Psychology |
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conscious human experience studied from the point of view of the experiencing person
Controlled introspection: highly trained observers limit themselves to description of experience; interested in content, not meaning.
- studied human mind, not individual mind through elements of experience; sensation, images, affections.
Stimulus error: reading more into the stimulus than there actually is - the woman putting her head on the mans shoulder and thinking he loves her. |
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came up with the idea of evolution and natural selection.
Natural selection: living organisms must adapt to their environment or suffer extinction
Continuity theory: humans have no unique attributes they only differ in degree from other animals
Influence: possibility of human/animal continuity opened animal research |
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| A new look at consciousness. made the switch from structuralism to FUNCTIONALISM. Was not an experimentalist; believed in introspection and comparative methods, eclectic, pragmatic |
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1st American student of Wundt, 1st psychology Research Lab
Organized APA in 1892 |
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| Freud and Breur published "Studies on Hysteria" AND BEGINNING OF PSYCHOANALYSIS |
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| Wertheimer begins experiments on phi phenomena, marking the START OF GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY |
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| Freud goes to Clark University |
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| Differences between behaviorism and neo-behaviorism |
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Neo- behaviorism was
1. More receptive
2. influenced by logical positivism
3. influenced by operationism (use of objective or precise terminology.)
4.more emphasis on animal behavior
5. more emphasis on learning |
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Edward Tolman
Clark Hull
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
Julian Rotter |
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| Examples of Gestalt principles: |
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1. Relation determination: The properties parts depend on on the relation on the parts to the whole
2. Form quality: the spatial arrangement of parts into a unitary whole
3. Perception - isomorphism - the perception of an object in form or shape is exactly what it represents without it being a literal copy
perceptual organization - objects are perceived as unitary wholes |
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| Gestalt in the battle against other schools of thought |
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1. it was mainly just a reaction to structuralism and functionalism
2. tackled problems being ignored
3. does not apply principally to perception |
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| Wertheimer, Kohler, Kaffka |
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| Bernet, Clark, James, Galton, Hall, Carr |
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Predecessor of Gestalt, taught Sigmund Freud and Carl Stumpf
Thought psychology should study the process or act of experiencing |
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| Why was Gestalt Psychology slow in spreading to the U.S? |
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1, Behaviorism was at it's peak
2. There was language barrier between Germans and Americans
3. Gestalt psychologists taught in schools w/o grad programs
4. protested Structuralism which wasnt even a thing anymore |
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