Term
| What is the source of the muscular system? |
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Definition
| the anatomical system of a species that allows it to move. Energy for this comes from ATP, the energy source of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| an [biological system|organ system] containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit signals between different parts of its body |
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Term
| List at least five functions for the muscular system. |
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Definition
| Contraction(never push/pull away), cause movement(usually), resist motion(hold posture)movement of body fluids(blood/urine), produce heat |
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Term
| List the three types of muscles, sketch them, and give their names according to anatomy, location, and function. |
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Definition
| Cardiac muscle tissue forms the bulk of the wall of the heart. Smooth muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder. Skeletal muscle tissue is named for its location - attached to bones. |
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Term
| Describe the anatomy of an individual muscle fiber. |
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Definition
| individual muscle fibers are called myocytes. Each myocyte contains many myofibrils, which are strands of proteins (actin and myosin) that can grab on to each other and pull. This shortens the muscle and causes muscle contraction. |
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Term
| Why are there so many coverings on the muscle? |
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Definition
| To cover and protect bones and other muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of fibrous tissue that permeates the human body. A fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding those structures together in much the same manner as plastic wrap can be used to hold the contents of sandwiches together |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of connective tissue, which ensheaths the entire muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It is continuous with fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle including the endomysium, and perimysium |
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Term
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Definition
| A bundle of anatomical fibers, as of muscle or nerve. Also called fascicle |
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Term
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Definition
| A cylindrical, multinucleate cell composed of numerous myofibrils that contracts when stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
| a sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into bundles (anywhere between 10 to 100 or more) or fascicles |
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Term
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Definition
| meaning within the muscle, is a layer of connective tissue that ensheaths a muscle fiber and is composed mostly from reticular fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell membrane of a muscle cell (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle) It consists of a true cell membrane, called the plasma membrane, and an outer coat made up of a thin layer of polysaccharide material that contains numerous thin collagen fibrils. |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasm of the muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| basic unit of a muscle myosin(thick) actin(thin) |
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Term
| Explain the sliding theory. How is it related to all animals? What is the spring theory? |
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Definition
| The sliding filament theory is the explanation for how muscles produce force (or, usually, shorten). It explains that the thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere slide past one another, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere. It replaced the spring theory |
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Term
| Draw and label an actin filament and a myosin filament. |
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Definition
| Myosin(thick) Actin(thin) |
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Term
| Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction beginning with an impulse from the brain. |
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Definition
| The brain sends signals, in the form of action potentials, through the nervous system to the motor neuron that innervates several muscle fibers. |
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Term
| What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction? How is calcium removed? |
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Definition
| The calcium ions result in movement of troponin and tropomyosin on their thin filaments, and this enables the myosin molecule heads to "grab and swivel" their way along the thin filament. |
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Term
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Definition
| A motor unit plus all muscle fibers that it controls |
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Term
| Draw and label a reflex arc. |
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Definition
| receptor, sensory neuron, Interneuron, grey matter, white matter, transverse section through spinal cord, motor nerve fiber, effector |
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Term
| What is the significance of the numbers of nerve fibers which go to a muscle? |
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Definition
| The more force required, more nerves fire and activate more muscle fibers. |
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Term
| Describe the physiology of the synaptic cleft. |
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Definition
| When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of the motor neuron acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft. small space between neuron and muscle |
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Term
| What is a neuromuscular junction? |
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Definition
| the site where a motor nerve fiber and a skeletal muscle fiber meet; (also called a synapse or synaptic cleft) |
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Term
| Define: motor neuron, motor unit, motor end plate, acetylcholine, and acetylcholinesterase. |
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Definition
| Motor cell, neuron and muscle fiber, end of axon, neuromuscular transmitter, enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks acetylcholine from receptor sites. No contraction due to no membrance change, death by asphyxiation |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit acetylcholinesterase, found in pesticides, death by asphyxiation |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria block release of acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle weakness (skeletal muscle) |
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Term
| What is a satellite cell? |
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Definition
| Undifferentiated cell in muscle which replaces injured muscle cells |
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Term
| Define Ratchet Theory? What are the two types of muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| Theory of muscle contraction which indicates “ratcheting” of myosin filament. Isometric and isotonic |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum stimulus needed to elicit a response |
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Term
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Definition
| needed for electrolyte balance again before next response |
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Term
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Definition
| no partial contraction either a response or not |
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Term
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Definition
| intensity of stimulus sufficient to elicit a response |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enlagement due to exercise |
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Term
| What is a pith? Double pith? |
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Definition
| deals with the medulla, is a tissue in the stems of vascular plants. Double pith is brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| A single contraction (isometric or isotonic) |
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Term
| Label: latent, contraction, and relaxation time. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: Summation, Tetanus, Treppe, and Fatigue |
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Definition
| An increase in response to stimuli in rapid succession, maximal summation, “staircase” of summation, drop in tension after prolonged stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| due to no blood, acetylcholine exhausted, lactic acid build up |
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Term
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Definition
| due to lack of ATP needed to remove calcium |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of ATP, may last for 72hrs |
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Term
| What is creatine phosphate? What is its significance? |
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Definition
| High energy phosphate bond 4-6 times more abundant than ATP in muscle cell |
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Term
| What types of skeletal fibers are there? Why are there different types of fibers? |
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Definition
| slow twitch or slow oxidative fibers, contain large amounts of Myoglobin, many mitochondria and many blood capillaries. fast twitch or fast oxidative fibers, contain very large amounts of Myoglobin, very many mitochondria and very many blood capillaries. fast twitch or fast glycolytic fibers, contain a low content of Myoglobin, relatively few mitochondria, relatively few blood capillaries and large amounts glycogen. |
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Term
| visceral and cardiac muscle physiology and anatomy. |
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Definition
| Viscereal contracts slower than skeletal muscle no striation, Cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary striated muscle found in the walls and histologic foundation of the heart, specifically the myocardium |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein which binds calcium |
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Term
| What is the function of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| Homeostatic control. Nervous system ->brain->fast. Endocrine system ->pituitary->slow |
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Term
| Compare the nervous system to the endocrine system |
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Definition
| Nervous system ->brain->fast. Endocrine system ->pituitary->slow |
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Term
| What are the differences between the two systems? |
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Definition
| The nervous system has excitability/conductivity characteristics and control central/peripheral systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Homeostatic control The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. |
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Term
| What is negative feedback? |
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Definition
| After increase from normal the artery is sensitive to pressure, After the heart there is a decrease from A B normal |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase from normal goes straight to brain then heart then there is an increase in blood pressure |
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Term
| What is the origin of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| A few hundred nerve cells are all a lowly nematode needs to find food and a mate. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| Excitability capable of reacting to stimuli. Conductivity capable of transmitting impulses |
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Term
| What are the two major parts of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| Central and peripheral nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Peripheral nerves. Forms a jelly roll covering around nerve fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| a German physiologist. Who discoverd of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, the study of pepsin, the discovery of the organic nature of yeast, and the invention of the term metabolism. |
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Term
| Where are Schwann cells found? |
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Definition
| any of the large nucleated cells whose cell membrane spirally enwraps the axons of myelinated peripheral neurons supplying the myelin sheath between two nodes of Ranvier (in the PNS) |
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Term
| Describe the role of the Schwann cell. |
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Definition
| supporting nerve regeneration |
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Term
| Why is a Schwann cell compared to a "jelly roll?" |
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Definition
| It forms a protective myelin sheath |
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Term
| What is the significance of the Schwann cell? |
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Definition
| neurolemmocytes are the principal glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). |
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Term
| Define: neurolemma, myelin, lipoprotein, myelination, CNS, white matter, gray matter. |
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Definition
| Outer covering w/o myelin contains nucleus, medullated fiber, myelin, w/ myelin, brain & spinal chord, groups of myelinated fibers, unmyelinnated nerve fibers & cell bodies |
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Term
| What is a Node of Ranvier? |
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Definition
| Gap between schwann cells |
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Term
| What is salutatory conduction? |
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Definition
| Electrical arcing or jumping from node to node |
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Term
| Describe the anatomy of a neuron. |
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Definition
| Nerve cell.structurak and functional unit of nervous system |
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Term
| What is unusual about the cell body of the neuron? |
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Definition
| Most cell bodies are within the CNS |
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Term
| What is the function of a nissl body? |
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Definition
| Membranous sacs similar to rough ER |
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Term
| Where are nissl bodies found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: melanin, lipofuscin |
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Definition
| Melanin, skin pigment (substance that gives the skin its color). Lipofuscin given to finely granular yellow-brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion. |
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Term
| Define: ganglia, nuclei, center. |
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Definition
| Group of cell bodies in a cluster covered with connective tissue. Group of cell bodies in the brain and spinal chord. Group of nuclei associated with a particular function |
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Term
| What are the two processes from a neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are they similar? different? |
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Definition
| Dendrite is the main receptive surface of a neuron, short, highlybranched. Axon is a single fiber from nerve body, may have many branches at terminals |
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Term
| What is axoplasmic flow? What is its significance? |
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Definition
| Cytoplasm down the axon thought to supply needed materials |
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Term
| Include the following labels: axon hillock, axon collateral, telodendria, neurolemma, myelin, and Schwann cell. |
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Definition
| Conical elevation where axon leaves the cell body. Side branches from axon. Fine filaments at terminal and of axon. Outside layer of axon. Layer under neurolemma, in the nucleus. |
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Term
| Discuss regeneration of a nerve fiber. of a nerve cell body? |
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Definition
| the damage must be far from the cell body |
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Term
| How much regeneration might be expected per day? |
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Definition
| 1mm per day. 1in per month |
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Term
| Why is it thought that brain and spinal cord regeneration is impossible? |
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Definition
| Scar tissue is formed so fast that axon doesn’t have time for regeneration |
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Term
| Describe neuroglial cells |
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Definition
| Also called glial cells. Capable of reproduction, found only in brain & spinal chord, more numerous than neurons in CNS, tumors of CNS develop from glial cells not from neurons |
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Term
| What is the function of glial cells? |
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Definition
| Fill spaces, support neurons, hold (connect) organs together, protection and cleaning (phagocytic) |
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Term
| List the four types of neuroglial cells. |
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Definition
| Astrocytes (star cells), oligodendrocytes (few tree), microglia (small glia), ependymal |
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Term
| What is the newest information on the function of the glial cells? |
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Definition
| to supply nutrients to neurons; to insulate neurons electrically; to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons; and to provide guidance cues directing the axons of neurons to their target |
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Term
| Make a list of the types of nerve endings. Describe each. |
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Definition
| Free nerve endings (touch, pressure, vibration, itch/tickle, thermal,pain, proprioceptors |
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Term
| Draw and label a nerve impulse. |
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Definition
| Looks like a long tube in resting nerve fiber it is negative on inside and positive outside. Moving impulse have positive and negative inside and outside |
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Term
| Include: position of Na ions, polarized, mV, depolarized, resting potential, action potential |
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Definition
| Outside in resting, inside/outside in moving impulse,.electrically charged due to distribution of ions. +30 mV. is a change in a cell's membrane potential, making it more positive, or less negative -70mV resting potential. Na+ moves in rapidly k+ moves out rapidly |
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Term
| Describe a nerve impulse. |
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Definition
| a difference in charge supplied by ion position |
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Term
| How is it compared with a fuse and not with a copper wire? |
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Definition
| the nerve impulse is now known to be a wave of activity quite similar to the flame of a candle or the burning of a dynamite fuse |
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Term
| What are sodium channels? |
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Definition
| integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions (Na+) through a cell's plasma membrane |
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Term
| Define: Refractory Period, Absolute, Relative. |
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Definition
| Delay before another impulse. (1/2500 sec) no impulse (reestablishing resting potential). With high intensity stimulus impulse triggered (polarization not complete) |
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Term
| Discuss saltatory, diameter of fiber, and all or none with respect to the nerve fiber. |
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Definition
| the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials without needing to increase the diameter of an axon. Larger diameter = faster impulse. is the principle that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is not dependent on the strength of the stimulus. |
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Term
| Discuss some factors which influence a nerve impulse |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw, label, and discuss the four types of circuits discussed in class. |
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Definition
| Diverging circuit – one impulse several responses, converging circuit- more stimulus from one source or from different sources, reverberating circuit - continuous impulse, parallel circuit - stream of impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| is initiated and propagates in the axon of a motor neuron. |
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Term
| The action potential causes |
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Definition
| the release of acetylcholine from the axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction. |
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Term
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Definition
| diffuses from axon terminals to motor-end-plate membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| receptor sites on the motor-end-plate membrane. |
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Term
| Bound acetylcholine increases |
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Definition
| the permeability of the motor end plate to sodium and potassium ions, producing an end-plate potential (EPP). |
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Term
| By local current flow the EPP depolarizes |
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Definition
| the muscle membrane to its threshold potential and thus generates an action potential that then propagates over the surface of the muscle membrane |
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Term
| The action potential propagates |
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Definition
| from the surface into the muscle fiber along the transverse tubules. |
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Term
| Depolarization of transverse tubules |
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Definition
| leads to the release of calcium ions from the lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that surrounds the myofibrils. |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to troponin on the thin filaments, causing tropomysin to move away from its blocking position covering the cross-bridge binding sites on actin. |
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Term
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Definition
| cross bridges on the thick filaments bind to actin: ACTIN + MYOSIN*-ADP-P ----> ACTIN-MYOSIN*-ADP-P |
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Term
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Definition
| the release of energy stored in myosin, producing an angular movement of the cross bridge. ACTIN-MYOSIN*-ADP + P ----> ACTIN-MYOSIN + ADP – P |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking the linkage between actin and myosin, thereby allowing the cross bridge to dissociate from actin. ACTIN-MYOSIN + ATP ----> ACTIN + MYOSIN-ATP |
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Term
| The ATP bound to myosin is |
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Definition
| split, transferring energy to the myosin cross bridge and readying it for another cycle: MYOSIN-ATP ----> MYOSIN* - ADP – P |
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Term
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Definition
| the cycle (10 to 13), leading to the movement of the thin filaments past the thick filaments.These cycles of cross-bridge movement continue as long as calcium remains bound to troponin. |
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Term
| The concentration of calcium ions around the myofibrils |
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Definition
| decreases as calcium is actively transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by a membrane pump that uses energy derived from the splitting of ATP. |
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Term
| Removal of calcium ions from troponin |
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Definition
| restores the blocking action of tropomyosin, the cross-bridge cycle ceases, and the fiber relaxes. |
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