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adrenal glands
suprarenal glands |
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| located on the superior surface of each kidney; the adrenal cortex secetes steroid hormones, and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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| horomones secreted by the adrenal cortex |
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| regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have antiinflammatory effects; cortisol is the most significant glucocorticoid |
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| maintain salt and water balance |
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| influence development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, for example, facial hair and deep voice |
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| hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response |
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| secreted in response to fear or physical injury |
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| secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress |
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| located on both sides of the uterus in the femal pelvis; secret estrogen and progesterone |
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| responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics |
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| regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy |
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| islets of Langerhans of the pancreas |
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| endocrine tissue within the pancreas (the organ located behind the stomach, in front of the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae); secretes insulin and glucagon |
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| a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose (insulin=island) |
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| a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar |
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| two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck; secrete parathyroid hormone |
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| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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| regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
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| located in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin and serotonin |
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| exact function unknown; affects the onset of puberty |
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| a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin |
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pituitary gland
hypophysis |
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| located at the base of the brain; master gland, secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands (throid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles); includes the anterior and posterior pituitary |
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anterior pituitary
adenohypophysis |
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| secretes throid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin |
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thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) |
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| stimulates secretion from thyroid gland |
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adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) |
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| stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex |
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follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) |
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| initiates the growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates the secretion of estrogen in females and the production of sperm in males |
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| causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes |
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melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH) |
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| affects sking pigmentation |
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prolactin
lactogenic hormone |
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| stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy |
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posterior pituitary
neurohypophysis |
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| releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
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antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) |
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| influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules |
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| influences uterine contraction |
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| located on both sides within the scrotum in the male; secrete testosterone |
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| affects masculinization and reproduction |
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| located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin |
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| regulates immune response |
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| located in front of the neck; secretes triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin |
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triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroxine (T4) |
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| known as the throid hormones; regulate metabolism |
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| regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
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| protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball |
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| glucose (sugar) in the urine |
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| shaggy; an excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places (e.g., a woman with a beard) |
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| an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood |
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| an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood |
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| an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood (kalium=potassium) |
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| deficient level of potassium in the blood |
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| abnormally increased secretion |
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| abnormally decreased secretion |
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ketosis
ketoacidosis
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) |
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| abnormal amount of ketone bodies (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid) in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as in uncontrolled iabetes and starvation (keto=alter) |
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| all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions |
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| collection of signs and symptoms caused by excessive level of cortisol hormone; may be due to excessive production by the adrenal gland (often a tumor) or more commonly, a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid (steroid) hormones (prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other inflammatory diseases); symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness (moon-shapped appearance), hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with stria (stretch marks), hypertension, and osteoporosis |
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| metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria (diabetes=passing through; mellitus=sugar) |
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| diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival |
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| diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance (a defective use of the insulin that is produced) occurs; the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival |
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| results from excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or a tumor of the pancreas |
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| inflammation of the pancreas |
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| hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor |
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| hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands |
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| disease characterized by enlarged features, especially of the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor |
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| condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate, stature (not affecting intelligence); often treated during childhood with growth hormone; other forms of dwarfism are most often caused by genetic defects |
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| condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor |
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| enlargement of the throid gland caused by throid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation (goiter=throat) |
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| condition of hypersecretion of the throid gland characterized by nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos), goiter, etc. |
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| most common form of hyperthyroidism; caused by an autoimmune defect that creates antibodies that stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones; exophthalmos is a featured characteristic |
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| a condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and, often, obesity |
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| advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin (myx=mucus) |
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| condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed |
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blood sugar (BS)
blood glucose |
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| measurement of the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood |
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| measurement of blood sugar level after fasting (not eating) for 12 hours |
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postprandial blood sugar
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| measurement of blood sugar level after a meal (commonly 2 hours later) |
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glucose tolerance test
(GTT) |
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| measurement of the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose after a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter for 4 to 6 hours |
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glycohemoglobin
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc) |
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| a molecule (fraction) in hemoglobin, the level of which rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar; a common blood test used in diagnosing and treating diabetes |
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| measurement of the level of specific ions (sodium, potassium, and chloride) along with carbon dioxide (for indirect measure of bicarbonate ion) in the blood; electrolytes are essential for maintaining water balance (hydration) as well as nerve, muscle, and heart activity |
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| measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine the efficiency of glandular secretions, including T3, T4, and TSH |
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| urine sugar and ketone studies |
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| chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine; used as a screen for diabetes (Note: production of a urine specimen for these tests requires one to urinate or void) |
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| CT of the head is used to obtain a transverse (horizontal) view of the pituitary gland |
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magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) |
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| nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of the pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and thyroid glands |
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| sonographic images are used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound |
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| radionuclide (nuclear medicine) scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors |
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| excision of the adrenal glands |
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| excision of the pituitary gland |
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| excision of the parathyroid glands |
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| excision of the thymus gland |
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| excision of the thyroid gland |
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insulin pump therapy
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) |
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| use of an insulin delivery device that is worn on the body (usually the abdomen) and subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to the individual needs of the diabetic patient |
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| use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells; treatment is administered in a nuclear medicine facility |
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| any of several agents used to control blood sugar levels in treatment of diabetes mellitus |
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| any agent that blocks the production of thyroid hormones; used to treat hyperthyroidism |
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hormone replacement therapy
(HRT) |
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| treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency (e.g., estrogen, testosterone, and thyroid) |
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antihyperglycemic
hypoglycemic |
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| a drug that lowers the blood glucose level (e.g., insulin) |
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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| continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion |
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| follicle-stimulating hormone |
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| hormone replacement therapy |
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| magnetic resonance imaging |
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| melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone |
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