Term
| Which part of the mitochondria would be expected to have a high concentration of H+? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the mitochondria would one find all of the shuttle "Mechanisms"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What molecule shuttles H+ across the inner membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the TCA cycle occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The TCA cycle uses mainly reductive methods throughout its process. |
|
Definition
False,
Mostly, if not all, oxidative |
|
|
Term
| What is the end product of ALL fuel metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
| To channel carbs to acetyl coa |
|
|
Term
| What TCA intermediate is used to create protoporphyrin molecules (heme)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To be considered a TCA intermediate, what must the molecules should the intermediate be formed in between? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can the liver use pyruvate for? |
|
Definition
| To form alanine, glutamate, and aspartate |
|
|
Term
| Which mechanism would be used to shuttle H+ from the cytoplasm to OAA in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mechanism shuttles H+ to dihydroxyacetone in the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
| Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of NADH in the formation of ATP? |
|
Definition
| NADH becomes oxidized to form NAD+ which generates energy to facilitate the phosphorylation of AMP --> ADP --> ATP |
|
|
Term
| What type of bond does Acetyl CoA contain that makes it a high energy molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the hydrogen molecules released from NADH and FADH2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Pyruvate is not needed if you are forming acetyl CoA from fatty acid metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does pyruvate enter the mitochondria? (molecule and process) |
|
Definition
| By way of a pyruvate carrier which exchanges pyruvate for and OH- |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the form changes of ATPase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 positions for ATPase and what is occurring during each position? |
|
Definition
Loose - binding ADP to Pi
Tight - Synthesizing ATP
Open - Releasing ATP |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The inner membrane is highly permeable to NADH from the matrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does G3P form its product and what is its product? |
|
Definition
| G3P forms Dihydroxyacetone phosphate by G3P dehydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| Specifically, how does FAD become FADH2? |
|
Definition
| Dihydroxyacetone phosphate donates H+ ions. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the H+ ions of FADH2 during the G3P shuttle? |
|
Definition
| FADH2 donates its hydrogens to quinone in the inner membrane |
|
|
Term
| Since OAA cannot cross the membrane, how does it do so? And by what process? |
|
Definition
NADH + OAA --> Malate
Malate then crosses the inner membrane and converts back to OAA once across |
|
|
Term
| How is aspartate generated in its respective shuttle mechanism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With the malate-aspartate shuttle, what is the precursor to OAA IN THE CYTOPLASM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the ADP-ATP translocase? |
|
Definition
| to move ADP into matrix and ATP out of matrix into the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What type of molecule facilitates the exchange of H2PO4- for OH-? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP molecules per glucose are generated by proton motive forces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What serves as the regulator for oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP are generated from all NADH sources? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP are generated from FADH2 molecules arising from the CAC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many atp does the CAC generate itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anaerobic glycolysis generates how many atp molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is enthalpy and how does it relate to pressure? |
|
Definition
| Total heat energy at constant pressure |
|
|
Term
| Specifically, what is a kjoule and kcalorie? |
|
Definition
The amount of energy needed to change 1 kg of h20, 1 degree cel. (kcal)
The amount of energy to change 1 pound of h2o 1 degree cel. (kjoule) |
|
|
Term
| How is there energy within biomolecules? |
|
Definition
| Because of bond energy as well as polarization |
|
|
Term
| How can ATP increase it efficiency? |
|
Definition
| By using cofactors for electron transfer such as enzymes, protein transfer phosphate groups, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main reason for why ATP is so useful? |
|
Definition
| Because it accepts and donates phosphate at an energy expenditure that works well among other phosphate transfer groups |
|
|
Term
| How could one define the lipid, simple fat? |
|
Definition
| Ester of fatty acid with various alcohols |
|
|
Term
| How could one define conjugated lipids? |
|
Definition
| Ester of fatty acid w additional chemical groups such as phosphate, sugars, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure for glycerol? |
|
Definition
| 3 carbon molecule with one OH group on each carbon, the rest are hydrogens |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of a fatty acid? |
|
Definition
| Long carbon chain with a carboxylic acid on the end |
|
|
Term
| What type of fat is solid at body temperature and contains large alcohols? What group does this fall under? |
|
Definition
| Wax and falls under simple fats |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Fatty Acids are liquid at body temperature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is lecithin and what is its formal name? |
|
Definition
| Phosphatidyl Choline which is an effective surfactant. |
|
|
Term
| What type of lipid is a phospholipid incorporating serine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lipid with a higher density will have a higher percentage of what type of molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lipoprotein has the highest percentage of cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major apoprotein associated with VLDL and LDL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the OH groups on glycerol? |
|
Definition
| To react with acids to produce esters |
|
|
Term
| What are the minimum requirements for a molecule to be considered a phospholipid? |
|
Definition
One Phosphoric Acid group
One nitrogen containing residue
One other constituent in addition to fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of cephalins and which conjugated lipid are they most similar to and how? |
|
Definition
Resemble lecithins in structure except for the choline.
Examples
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
Phosphatidyl serine
Phosphatidyl inositol |
|
|
Term
| What makes up a sphingolipid? Describe the make-up. |
|
Definition
| An amino di-alcohol group, sphigosine. This is an 18 carbon chain with a trans DB with an amino group on C2 and OH groups on C1 and C3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipid molecule derived from hydrolysis of simple and conjugated fats |
|
|
Term
| What are isoprenoids synthesized from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an isoprene unit? |
|
Definition
| Repeating 5 carbon structural unit |
|
|
Term
| What two types of molecules are isoprenoids used to synthesize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 examples of terpenes? |
|
Definition
| Oils of plants, carotenoids, vitamins E and K |
|
|
Term
| What lipoprotein molecule contains the highest percentage of cholesterol/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lipoprotein molecule contains the highest percentage of triglyceride? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With lipoprotein molecules, what is the relationship between lipid percent weight and the amount of phospholipid present? |
|
Definition
Inverse,
The higher the lipid percentage, the lower the phospholipid number
Ex) Chylomicron 98 % lipid wt.
Phospholipid : 7 |
|
|
Term
| What is the starting molecule for fatty acid synthesis in humans? And where does the process start? |
|
Definition
| Acetyl CoA and starts in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What is the starting molecule for cholesterol synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the end product of fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the end product of cholesterol synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are/is the significant regulator(s) of fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are/is the significant regulator(s) of Cholesterol synthesis? |
|
Definition
HMG CoA reductase
AMP Kinase |
|
|
Term
| What is the committed step during Fatty Acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Converting Acetyl-CoA to Malonyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| How is Acetyl CoA converted to Malonyl CoA? |
|
Definition
| By Acetyl CoA Carboxylase |
|
|
Term
| What catalyzes the committed step during Fatty Acid Synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps that go into generating Palmitic Acid during Fatty Acid Synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Acetyl CoA --> Malonyl CoA --> Aceto-Acetyl CoA --> Butaryl CoA --> Palmitic Acid |
|
|
Term
| How is citrate incorporated into fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Acetyl CoA inside the Mitochondria is converted to this and then shuttled out into the cytoplasm. Afterwards Citrate is converted to acetyl CoA and OAA. |
|
|
Term
| During FA Synthesis, once OAA is formed in the cytoplasm, what does it convert into and by what process? |
|
Definition
| OAA is reduced to malate in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Malate is oxidatively decarboxylated into what? What happens to the products? |
|
Definition
| Malate is oxidatively decarboxylated to pyruvate and co2. Pyruvate then returns to the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between the activity of Acetyl CoA carboxylase and carbohydrate/energy levels? |
|
Definition
Proportional
As Carbs/E are high, so is the activity of acetyl coa carboxylase |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between citrate levels and acetyl coa carboxylase activity? |
|
Definition
Proportional
Citrate levels signal high energy which in turn produces high activity of acetyl coa carboxylase |
|
|
Term
| What molecule helps to moderate citrate during FA synthesis, and when does this molecule become present? |
|
Definition
| Palmitoyl CoA moderates citrate effect which fatty acids are in excess |
|
|
Term
| How is acetyl CoA carboxylase activity turned off? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Acetyl CoA converted into during cholesterol synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is HMG CoA converted into during cholesterol synthesis and what catalyzes this conversion? |
|
Definition
| Mevalonate by HMA CoA reductase |
|
|
Term
| What is squalene converted into during cholesterol synthesis? |
|
Definition
| A tetracyclic molecule that ends up forming cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What is the precursor to cholesterol in cholesterol synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is mevalonate converted into during cholesterol synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Isopentenyl pyrophosphate |
|
|
Term
| How is squalene formed during cholesterol synthesis? |
|
Definition
| 6 isopentenyl pyrophosphate are condensed together |
|
|
Term
| Where does the final steps of cholesterol synthesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two processes can acetyl coa be derived from to start cholesterol synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis and Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids |
|
|
Term
| What form of cholesterol does the liver synthesize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the committed step during cholesterol synthesis? |
|
Definition
| The synthesis of mevalonate |
|
|
Term
| What converts OAA to malate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is malate converted to pyruvate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two subunits of malonyl CoA |
|
Definition
| Acetyl component and a cysteinyl sulfhydryl component |
|
|
Term
| A Fatty acid is formed when what three molecules react together? |
|
Definition
| Fatty Acid Synthase complex, Acetyl CoA, and Malonyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What two cells primarily store triglycerides from excess acetyl Coa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When triglycerides are catabolized, what is the end produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 steps to triglyceride catabolism? |
|
Definition
Dehydrogenation (Oxidation)
Hydration
Oxidation to form B-Keto Acid
B-Keto Acid is split by hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| During lipid catabolism, how are B-keto acids split? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is step 1 of lipid catabolism and where does it occur? |
|
Definition
| Dehydrogenation occurring in the ER and outer mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the product of step 1 of lipid catabolism and where does this product release into? |
|
Definition
| Fatty Acetyl CoA which releases into the cytosol |
|
|
Term
| What molecule catalyzes the transport of Fatty Acetyl CoA out of the mitochondria into the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
| Carnitine Palomityl Transferase |
|
|
Term
| Once Fatty Acetyl Coa is in the cytoplasm, what occurs? |
|
Definition
| The CoA group is replaced with carnitine to form Fatty Acyl Carnitine |
|
|
Term
| Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase + FAD = ? + ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the hydration step of lipid catabolism? |
|
Definition
| The enoyl double bond is hydrated to form 3 hydroxyl acyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the oxidation step of lipid catabolism? |
|
Definition
| Hydroxyl acyl CoA is oxidized to 3-ketoacyl CoA and NADH |
|
|
Term
| What molecules produces acetyl CoA and a shortened fatty acyl CoA during lipid catabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the net ATP of lipid catabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cleavage steps occur during lipid catabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the end products of fatty acid catabolism? There are three types, what are they? |
|
Definition
Ketone bodies
Acetoacetic Acid
Beta hydroxybutyric acid
acetone |
|
|
Term
| What are the major steps to ketone body synthesis? (General steps) |
|
Definition
| Fatty Acid --> Acetyl CoA --> Acetoacetyl CoA --> Acetoacetate --> (Can form acetone or B-hydroxybutyrate) |
|
|
Term
| How are chylomicrons absorbed into the body? |
|
Definition
| Absorbed into the lymph and then into the blood |
|
|
Term
| How are cholesterol molecules moved into the cell? (Process and how) |
|
Definition
| Receptors for apoproteins facilitate the movement into the cell by receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What signals the transport of stored lipid molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of HDL? |
|
Definition
| To act as a transporter back to the liver |
|
|
Term
| How is cholesterol eliminated and as what? |
|
Definition
| Eliminated through bile salts and it still remains cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| With lipid catabolism, what is the product of lysosomal hydrolysis? What occurs next? |
|
Definition
| Cholesteryl Oleate and this moves to the ER to become Cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| How does hydroxyacyl CoA become beta-ketoacyl CoA? (process and how) |
|
Definition
| Beta oxidation which take hydroxyacyl CoA and reacts it with NAD to form B-Ketoacyl CoA and NADH + H |
|
|
Term
| What part of the cell does oxidation occur during lipid catabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of hormones? (categories) |
|
Definition
eicosinoids
peptides
steroids |
|
|
Term
| What cells produce eicosinoids? |
|
Definition
| almost every cell in the body |
|
|
Term
| Where are eicosinoids derived from |
|
Definition
| polyunsaturated fats in cell membranes esterified to phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of eicosinoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of eicosinoids? |
|
Definition
| Prostaglandins, Thromboxane, Leukotrienes |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Peptide hormones are generally larger than 50 amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are peptide hormones produced? (4 places) |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary, Adrenal Medulla, and Nervous Tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a peptide hormone? |
|
Definition
| To react with membrane receptors to stimulate the rate or type of protein being produced by that particular cell |
|
|
Term
| What type of hormones do secondary messengers respond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 functions of secondary messengers? |
|
Definition
| Amplify signal, create enzyme cascade, activate enzymes, modulate enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What type of molecule helps mediate cyclase reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
G proteins react with the intracellular part of the receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cAMP? |
|
Definition
| To activate protein kinases within the cell |
|
|
Term
| Which signaling system allows Ca++ to move into the cytosol? |
|
Definition
| Phosphoinositide signaling system |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of the structure of steroid and thyroid hormones? |
|
Definition
| The ring structure allows them to pass through the lipid membrane |
|
|
Term
| Where are steroid and thyroid hormones produced from? |
|
Definition
| Adrenal CORTEX, Gonads, Thyroid |
|
|
Term
| Where do steroid hormones bind? |
|
Definition
| With receptors INSIDE the cell "cytoplasm" |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 important peptide hormones? |
|
Definition
| Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine, Somatostatin |
|
|
Term
| Where is epinephrine produced and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Produced in the adrenal medulla and is used to increase fuel utilization and suppress insulin |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Epinephrine acts slowly and degrades slowly. |
|
Definition
False,
quickly and quickly |
|
|
Term
| What hormone reduces absorption of carbs and inhibits insulin AND glucagon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the release of cortisol in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is cortisol produced in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cortisol? |
|
Definition
| Promote metabolism and increases AA uptake. |
|
|
Term
| What type of molecule transports cholesterol to the lympatics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of chylomicron in relation to the lymphatics? |
|
Definition
| Transports fatty acids to the lymphatics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two protein molecules located close together that when a hormone binds to one, it changes the shape and initiates signal transduction |
|
|
