Term
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Definition
| different forms of the same element. Have different number of NEUTRONS. This makes nucleus unstable. |
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Term
| Radioactive decay is the process by which: |
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Definition
| an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles or radiation |
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Term
| What happens when you build a molecule with a radioactive element? |
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Definition
| we can "trace" where the molecule is. |
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Definition
| demonstrations of bacterial transformations. Discovered transforming factor |
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Term
| Avery, McCarty and McLeod |
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Definition
| transforming factor is separable |
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Term
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Definition
| Transforming factor is DNA. Discovered that DNA is what provides genetic info |
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Definition
| Ratios of DNA within and b/w species. Determined that DNA composition varies from species to species but there is always an equal number of A & T and C & G bases. |
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Definition
| DNA structure. Built models of dbl helix (using W&Fs pic). Determined base pairs (AT and CG). Determined that pecific base pairing indicates a mechanism for copying genetic material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using x-ray crystallography W&F produced picture of DNA that showed shape (dbl helix) and the spacing of the nitrogenous bases. Also deduced that there were 2 anitparallel sugar-phosphate backbones, wit hthe nitrogenous bases paired in the molecules interior DNA structure |
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Term
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Definition
| semi-conservative replication. |
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Term
| Everytime a cell divides _____ must be replicated. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who came up with the semiconservative model of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Semiconservative model of replication |
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Definition
| says when a dbl helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have one old strand (derived or "conserved" from the parent molecule) and one newly made strand |
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Definition
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Definition
| relieves the strain of twisting caused by unwinding (breaks swivels and region bonds). |
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Term
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Definition
| makes a primer (a starting point) for synthesis of a DNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| polymerizes a new strand of DNA by adding nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| ligates or joins together nucleic acids |
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Term
http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_8/77/19957/5109208.cw/index.html
mastering bio, study area, ch 17, bioflix |
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Definition
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Term
| look at bottom of 15 march notes. Starting with page 5 DNA Replication initiation (find a suitable visual) |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA Replication begins at special sites called _______________________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| At the origins of replication, two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication _____________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Replication proceeds in both directions from each origin, until the entire molecule is _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Replication proceeds in both directions from each origin, until the entire molecule is _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Replication proceeds in both directions from each origin, until the entire molecule is _______ |
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Term
| replication fork, new DNA strands are elonglated |
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Definition
| At the end of each replication bubble is a ___________________, a y-shaped region where ____________________ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes called _____________ catalyzes the elongations of new DNA at a replication fork |
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Term
| primer, DNA template strand |
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Definition
| Most DNA polymerase require a ______ and a _____________ |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate of elongation is about _____ nucleotides per sec in bac and _____ per sec in human cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Each nucleotide that is added to a growing DNA strand is a nucleotide _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| dAPT for example, supplies adenine to DNA and is similaar to the ______________________ |
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Term
dATP-deoxyribose
ATP- ribose |
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Definition
| Difference in the sugars of dATP and ATP |
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Term
2 phosphate groups
molecule of pyrophosphate |
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Definition
| As each monomer of dNTP joins the DNA strand, it loses __________ and a molecule of __________ |
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Term
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Definition
| The antiparallel structure of the dbl helix affects __________ |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA polymerase add nucleotides only to the free __' end of a growing strand; therefore, a new DNA strand can elongate only in the __' to __' direction |
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Term
| DNA polymerase, replication fork |
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Definition
| Along one template strand of DNA, the ___________ synthesizes a leading strand continuously, moving towards the ____________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Proofreading and Repairing DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| ___________ proofread newly made DNA, replacing any incorrect nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| in ____________ of DNA, _______enzymes correct errors in base pairing |
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Term
| chemicals, radioactive emissions, x-rays, UV light, and certain molecules (in cigarette smoke for example) |
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Definition
| List some ways in which DNA can be damaged: |
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Term
| nucleotide excision repair |
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Definition
| In _______________, a nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Replicating the ends of DNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Limitations of _________ create problems for the linear DNA of eukaryotic chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| The usual replication machinery provides no way to complete the 5' ends so repeated founds of replication produce ________________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules have at their ends nucleotide sequences called ____________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Telomeres do not prevent the shortening of DNA molecules, but they do postpone the erosion of genes near the _____________ |
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Term
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Definition
| It has been proposed that the shortening of telomeres is connected to _____________ |
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Term
| essential genes would eventually be missing from the gametes they produce |
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Definition
| What would happen if chromosomes of germ cells becaame shorter in every cell cycle? |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme called ________ catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The Flow of Genetic Information |
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Term
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Definition
| The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of ___________ |
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Term
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Definition
| The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of _______________ |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins are the link between __________ and ______________ |
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Term
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Definition
| _____________ is the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ first suggested that genes dictate phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Using bread mold experiment they developed the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis (now called one gene one polypeptide hypo) |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic principles of transcription and translation |
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Term
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Definition
| is the intermediate b/w genes and the proteins for which they code |
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Term
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Definition
| ____________ is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Transcription produces _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Translation is the synthesis of a _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ are the sites of translation |
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Term
| translated w/o more processing |
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Definition
| in prokaryotes mRNA produced by transcription is immedietly is immedietly _________________ |
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Term
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Definition
| In an uekaryotic cell, the _____________ separates transcription from translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryotic transcripts are modified through ______________ to yield finished mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A ______ transcript is the initial RNA transcript for any gene |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code |
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Term
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Definition
| During transcription, one of the two DNA strands called the _________ provides a template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diring translation, the mRNA base triplets, called _________ are read in the __' to __' direction |
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Term
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Definition
| each codon specifies the ________ amino acid to be placed at the corresponding position along a _________ |
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Term
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Definition
| codons along an mRNA molecule are read by ____________ |
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Term
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Definition
| each codon specifies the addition of one of __ amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| __ code for Amino acids, __ triplets are "stop" signals to end translation |
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Term
| false. Codons are redundant but not ambiguous |
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Definition
| True or false. A codon specifies more than one Amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| True or false. Genes can be transcribed and translated after being transplanted from one species to another |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA synthesis is catalyzed by ____________, which pries the DNA strands apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA synthesis follows the same base-pairing rules as DNA, except __ substitues for __ |
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Term
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Definition
| The DNA sequencce where RNA polymerase attaches is called the __________; in bacteria, the sequence signalling the end of transcription is called the _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| The stretch of DNA that is transcribed is called a _____________________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Three stages of transcription |
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Term
| RNA synthesis, RNA polymerase, transcription initiation complex, TATA box |
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Definition
1. Initiation.
prromoters signal the initiation of ________. Transcription factors mediate the binding of ____________ and the initiation of transcription. the completed asembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter is called a _____________. A promoter called a _______ is crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes |
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Term
| 10, 20, 40, RNA polymerases |
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Definition
2. Elongation
As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it untwists the dbl helix, __ to __ bases at a time. Transcription progresses at a rate of __ nucleotides per sec in eukaryotes. A gene can be transcribed simultaneously by sev ___________ |
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Term
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Definition
3. Termination
The mechanisms of termination are different in Bacteria and eukaryotes.
In bacteria/eukaryotes (pick one) the polymerase stops transcription at the end of the terminator.
In bacteria/eukaryotes (pick one) the polymerase continues transcription after the pre-mRNA is cleaved from the growing RNA chain; the polymerase eventually falls off the DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes in the eukaryotic nucleus modify _______ before the genetic msgs are dipatched to the __________ |
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Term
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Definition
| During RNA processing, one/both ends of the primary transcript are usually altered |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Each end of a pre-mRNA molecule is modified in a particular way |
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Term
| modified nucleotide 5' cap |
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Definition
| The 5' end recieves a ____________________ |
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Term
| poly-A tail (50-250 adenine nucleotides) |
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Definition
| The 3' end gets a __________________ |
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Term
| mRNA, hydroltyic enzymes, 5 |
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Definition
These Modifications share several fxns
1. the seem to facilitate the export of _____
2. they protect mRNA from ____________
3/ They help ribosomes attach to the __' end |
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Term
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Definition
| Introns, Exons, and Splicing |
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Term
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Definition
| Most Eukaryotic genes and their RNA transcripts have long noncoding stretches of nucleotides that lie b/w coding regions. The noncoding regions are called interveining sequences or ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| The other introns are called ____ b/c they are eventually expressed, usually translated, into amino acid sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA splicing removes introns/exons and joins introns/exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| in some cases RNA splicing is carried out by __________. Slpiceosomes consist of a variety of proteins and sev sm. nuclear snRNPs that recognize the splice sites |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ are catalytic RNA molecules that fxn as enzymes and can splice RNA |
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Term
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Definition
Three Properties of RNA that enable it to fxn as an enzyme:
1. it can form a 3D structure b/c of its ability to base pair with itself
2. Some bases in RNA contain ______ groups
3. RNA may ________ bond with other nucleic acid molecules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Some genes can encode for more than one kind of polypeptide, depending on which segments are treated as ________ during RNA splicing |
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Term
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Definition
| Such variations are called ____________ |
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Term
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Definition
| b/c of alternative splicing, the number of different ________ an organism can produce is much greater that its number of _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete regions called _________ |
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Term
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Definition
| In many cases, different _____ code for the different domainss in a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| exon ______ may result in the evolution of new proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis of a Polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell translates an mRA message into protein with the help of ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Each tRNA molecule carries a specific _________ on one end and a _______ on the other |
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Term
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Definition
| tRNA molecule resembles a ________ |
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Term
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Definition
Shape:
b/c of _____ bonds, tRNA twists and folds into a 3D molecule. It is roughly __-shaped |
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