Metabolism

how use ATP we build, break apart, store and release substances in a controlled manner.

Catabolism

breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing, energy in the process

(breaking and releasing)

Anabolism

consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

(building and storing)

Thermodynamics

Study of energy transformations

1^st Law of Thermodynamics

energy in the universe is constant

2^nd Law of Thermodynamics

energy transformations are inefficient; they increase the entropy of the universe

Entropy

quantitate (numerical values) disorder within in a system

Describe energy coupling

a cell stays alive by balancing both the input and the output of energy, and by the transformation of different types of energy

Energy

the capacity to do work

What does ATP stand for and what is it composed of?

adenosine triphosphate: sugar, base, 3 phosphate groups

Phosphorylation

the chemical attachment of phosphorus to another molecule

Taking one phosphate from a triphosphate creates..?

ADP (diphosphate)

Two phosphate groups taken from ATP creates..?

AMP (monophosphate)

Two reasons why building ATP is considered phosphorylation:

1.) in photosynthesis, chloroplasts use light to build ATP (photophosphorylation)

2.)in cellular respiration, mitochondria use glucose (food) to build ATP; substate level phosphorylation

Name 3 classes of work which need ATP

Mechanical work, Transport work, Chemical work

Mechanical work

contraction of muscle cell, beating of flagellum

Transport work

transporting substances in and out of the cell; movement against gradient

Chemical work

making polymers from monomers

CoFactor

assists enzymes by transferring electrons, ions or functional groups from one site in a reaction to another

Balanced Equation for Photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 12H₂O + Solar Energy ---> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O

Light Dependent Reaction

stating that this reaction can only happen with solar energy is present and occur within the thylakoid membrane.

Light Independent Reaction

does not need sun, it is independent from light and occur only in the Stroma

Solar Energy

the source of energy for photosynthesis

Photons

the form by which solar energy reaches the earth from the sun

Intangibles

something you cannot use your 5 senses to know it is there

2 properties you can measure photons by:

1.) Frequency (measurement of time) used by Spectrometer

2.) Wave Lengths (measurement of distance) used by Nanometer

Electromagnetic Spectrum

7 categories of photons

What are the 7 categories of photons in order of high frequency to low frequency?

Gamma, X-Ray, UV Radiation, Visible Light, Infrared, Microwaves, Radio waves

What are the colors photons reflect from high frequency to low frequency.

(Roygbiv)

Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red

What is the equation for photolysis?

2H₂O   -->   O₂  +  4e-  +  4H⁺

What is the difference between photolysis and photosynthesis?

Photolysis breaks apart; photosynthesis puts together.

What wavelengths are needed for photosynthesis?

400-720 nanometers

What does PSI stand for? What is the process?

Photo System One

The electron energy is used to phosphorylate NADP+ into NADPH

What does PSII stand for? What is the process?

Photo System Two

The electron energy is used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP.

What is the site of photosynthesis?

Chloroplast

LDR Location

Across thylakoid membrane

LDR Products:

ATP; NADPH

LDR energy source:

Photons (400-720nm)

LDR role of electrons:

Thermodynamic enrgy conversion

(ADP -> ATP; NADP⁺ -> NADPH)

LIR Location

Stroma

LIR product

glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

LIR Carbon source:

CO₂