Term
| What is pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia? Other names? |
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Definition
-inflammaiton of lymphoid follicles of the pharynx
-aka follicular lyphoid hyperplasia, pharyngitis |
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Term
| What is the typical signalment of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia? |
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Definition
| -young horses, especially racin gtB |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind equine pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia? |
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Definition
-depends on severity
-none
-coughing
-nasal discharge |
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Term
| How do we diagnose pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the grades of severity of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Grade I pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia? |
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Definition
| -few, small inactive follicles |
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Term
| Describe Grade II pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia. |
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Definition
| -wider edematous follicles present on dorsal and lateral aspect of pharynx |
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Term
| Describe Grade III pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia. |
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Definition
| -larger follicles present on soft palate combined with hyperplastic tissue |
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Term
| Describe Grade IV pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia. |
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Definition
| -numberous large follicles w/ wide distribution coalescing along pharynx, palate, and epiglottis |
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Term
| How do we treat pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia in horses? |
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Definition
-Grade I/II: no tx b/c self-liiting
-Grade III/IV: rest 6-8w, anti-inflam throat spray w/ steroids, interferon-alpha immune modulation |
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Term
| What is dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP)? |
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Definition
-epiglottis becomes intermittently trapped under the soft palate during exercise
-at rest horse just swallows to fix it |
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Term
| What physiologic issue is caused by DDSP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which horses present most commonly for DDSP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of DDSP? |
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Definition
-exercise intolerance
-gurgling noise
-CHOKING DOWN: slow down until they can swallow
-swallowing tongue
-open mouth breathing |
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Term
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Definition
-hx
-observation while racing/training
-DYNAMIC ENDOSCOPY |
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Term
| How do we medically treat DDSP? |
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Definition
-anti-inflammatories: steroid throat spray
-Tongue-tie: keeps them from retracting the larynx
-Cornell collar
-figure 8 nose band |
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Term
| How do we surgically treat DDSP? |
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Definition
-staphylectomy
-myectomy of strap mm
-llewellyn procedure (sternothyroideus myectomy)
-laser palatoplasty
-tie forward |
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Term
| What are the strap mm? What does a strap m myectomy do? |
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Definition
-sternothyroideus & sternohyoideus
-take out section of mm that retract the larynx |
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Term
| What is the purpose of laser palatoplasty to treat DDSP? |
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Definition
| -inc stiffness of soft palate |
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Term
| What is a tye-forward for DDSP? |
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Definition
| -prosthetic suture placed b/n thyroid cartilage & basihyoid to pull larynx forward |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of a cleft palate? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we diagnose cleft palates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major complication that occurs w/ cleft palate? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we treat cleft palate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is pharyngeal cicatrix? |
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Definition
-circumferential scarring of the pharynx
-sequela to pharyngitis/laryngitis |
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Term
| What is the most common URT obstruction in the horse? |
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Definition
| -left laryngeal hemiplegia |
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Term
| What is left laryngeal hymiplegia? |
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Definition
| -paralysis/paresis of cricoarytenoideus dorsalic (CAD) that results in failure of left arytenoid abduct during exercise |
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Term
| What causes left laryngeal hemiplegia? |
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Definition
| -dysfunction of left recurrent laryngeal n |
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Term
| What are some etiologies that lead to left laryngeal hemiplegia? |
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Definition
-idiopathic (ILH)
-perivascular injections
-guttural pouch mycosis
-trauma to head or neck
-CNS dz |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of left laryngeal hemiplegia? |
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Definition
-INSPIRATORY NOISE = ROARER/FLAPPER
-exercise intolerance |
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Term
| How do we diagnose left laryngeal hemiplegia? |
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Definition
| -ednoscopy: standing or dynamic |
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Term
| Describe a grade I left laryngeal hemiplegia. |
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Definition
| -synchronois arytenoid, full abduction (normal) |
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Term
| Describe a grade II left laryngeal hemiplegia. |
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Definition
| -asynchronous arytenoid function, full abdcution (normal) |
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Term
| Describe a grade III left laryngeal hemiplegia. |
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Definition
| -asynchronois, incomplete abduction |
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Term
| Describe a Grade IV left laryngeal hemiplegia. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we treat left laryngeal hemiplegia? |
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Definition
-prosthetic laryngoplasty (PLP)
-ventriculectomy |
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Term
| What is a prostetic laryngoplasty? |
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Definition
-aka tie back
-suture pulls back left arytenoid |
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Term
| What is a ventriculectomy? |
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Definition
-aka sacculectomy
-done in conjunction w/ PLP
-ablate saccules to eliminate noise & reduce turbulence |
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Term
| What is arytenoid chondritis? |
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Definition
-septic or nonspetic inflammation of arytenoid cartilage
-causes unilateral thickening of arytenoid cartilage |
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Term
| What etiologies are behind arytenoid chondritis? |
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Definition
-iatrogenic injury
-URT infection |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of arytenoid chondritis? |
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Definition
-resp noise
-exercise intolerance |
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Term
| How do we diagnose arytenoid chondritis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we treat arytenoid chondritis? |
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Definition
-conservative
-arytenoidectomy
-permanent tracheostomy |
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Term
| Describe conservative medical treatment of arytenoid chondirits. |
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Definition
-systemic abx
-systemic NSAIDs
-local throat spray |
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Term
| What are the common complications of an arytenoidectomy to treat arytenoid chondritis? |
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Definition
-leakage of food and water
-persistent airway obstruction |
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Term
| How do we treat horses w/ severe arytenoid chondritis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is epiglottic entrapment? |
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Definition
| -entrapment of epiglottis by aryepiglottic fold |
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Term
| What are the different types of epiglottic entrapment? |
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Definition
-persistent vs intermittent
-ulcerated vs nonulcerated
-thick vs thin |
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Term
| What are the clinical sings of epiglottic entrapment? |
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Definition
-resp noise
-exercise intolerance
-coughing |
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Term
| How do we diagnose epiglottic entrapment? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we treat epiglottic entrapment? |
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Definition
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