Term
| What nematodes all look alike at affect bovines causing juvenile diarrhea? Ovines? |
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Definition
-bovine: Ostertagia
-ovine: Haemonchus |
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Term
| Describe the life cycle of Ostertagia/Haemonchus in general. |
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Definition
-direct, short
-hypobiosis
-periparturient rise: ovine/caprine |
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Term
| Briefly describe the pathogenesis of Type I Dz due to Ostertagia. |
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Definition
-gastric gland dysfunction (Type I Dz)
-pepsinogen does not become pepsin = maldigestion
-inc gastrin leads to gland proliferation & hypophagia |
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Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of type II dz due to Ostertagia. |
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Definition
-moroccan leather abomasum
-leaky intracellular junctions |
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Term
| What issues are caused by Haemonchus? |
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Definition
-hemorhhagic anemia
-hyporoteinemia
-abomasitis: maldigestion/diarrhea |
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Term
| Who is most affected by Type I Haemonchus dz? Describe it. How does it respond to tx? |
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Definition
-juveniles
-high morbidity/low mortality
-good response to tx |
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Term
| Who is most affected by Type II Haemonchus dz? Describe it. How does it respond to tx? |
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Definition
-yearlings & young adults
-lower morbidity
-high mortality
-poor response to tx |
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Term
| What clinical dz do we see due to Haemonchus in sheep? |
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Definition
-wt loss
-anemia
-dependent edema
+/- diarrhea |
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Term
| How do we diagnose Haemonchus? |
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Definition
-fecal float
-abosocentesis: pH
-plasma pepsinogen: herd
-necropsy: abomasal lesions, worm burdan |
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Term
| Describe the control of Haemonchus. |
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Definition
-pasture/feeding management: minimize exposure of young
-tactical anthelmentic tx: treat dz
-strategic anthelmentic tx: prevent dz, treat the herd, treat then move |
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Term
| Which coccidia cause dz in bovines? Ovines? |
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Definition
-bovine: Eimeria bovis & E. zeurnii
-ovine: E. ovina, E. ovinoidalis |
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Term
| What are prerequisites for coccidiosis dz? |
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Definition
-young: no acquired immunity
-stress: shipment, weaned, weather
-high exposure: poor hygiene |
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Term
| Describe the life cycle of Eimeria. |
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Definition
-incubation period 15-20d
-damage before sporogony: can get diarrhea before see oocysts
-unsporulated oocysts in feces: takes 2-3d |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of Eimeria dz? |
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Definition
-mild to severe diarrhea
-blood & fibrin in stool
-tenesmus: leads to rectal prolapse
-anroaxia, depression
-wt loss & poor wt gain
-CNS signs: tremors, hyperesthesia, intermittent convulsion |
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Term
| True or False: CNS form of Eimeria dz is highly fatal. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we diagnose Eimeria? What do we see on PM lesions? |
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Definition
-oocysts
-edema, hemorrhage, ulceration, diphtheritic pseudomembrane |
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Term
| How do we treat clinical dz due to Eimeria? |
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Definition
-supportive care: fluids, palatable feeds, blood
-Amprolium or Sulfquinoxaline or Pnazuril |
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Term
| How do we control Eimeria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the etioogy behind BVD? What are the two biotypes? Genotypes? |
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Definition
-togavirus
-biotypes: Cytopathic, noncytopathic
-genotypes: Type I and II |
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Term
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Definition
| -virus in feces & most secretions |
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Term
| How are PI BVDV calves made? |
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Definition
| -fetus infected w/ non-cytopathic biotype > 125d |
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Term
| What happnes w/ PI BVDV calves? |
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Definition
-tolerant of own BVDV thus don't make Ig
& shed it lots
-many die in first 2y of life: poor doers |
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Term
| In general, describe the pathophysiology of BVDV. |
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Definition
-epi infection: GI/resp
-local replication > viremia
-epi necrosis: diarrhea, oral erosions, skin
-lymphoid dysfunction: lymphopenia/immunosuppression |
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Term
| What are the options for clinical syndrome due to BVDV? |
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Definition
-acute BVD
-mucosal dz
-congenital defects
-repro effects
-immunosuppression
-thrombocytopenia |
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Term
|
Definition
-naive: never exposed
-immunocompetent
-6m-2y (colostral Ig only protective for up to 6m) |
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Term
| Descrie presentation of acute BVD. |
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Definition
-often mild/subclinical: fever, diarrhea, erosions, transient leukopenia
-low moderate morbidity
-usually low mortality |
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Term
| Describe mucosal disease. |
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Definition
-persistent high fever
-severe epi erosions: lameness, dysentery
-persistent leukopenia
-most die in 3-10d |
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Term
| Who gets mucosal dz due to BVDV? |
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Definition
-PI animals w/ NCP virus
-superinfected w/ CP birus
-still remain seronegative to their virus |
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Term
| What are the signs of chronic mucosal dz? |
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Definition
-unthrifty
-intermittent diarrhea
-non-healing skin lesion
-leukopenia life-long
-invariably fatal |
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Term
| When during pregnancy must a dam be infected w/ BVDV to cause congenital defects? |
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Definition
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Term
| What congenital lesions do we see w/ in utero BVDV? |
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Definition
-ceebellar hypoplasia
-dysmyelination
-hydranencephaly
-in utero growth retardation
-small eyes +/- congenital cataracts |
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Term
| What reproductive effects can BVDV have? |
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Definition
-aboriton/resorption < 150d
-fertilization fialure: conceive after serocoversion in NEIVE female
-virus in semen: PI bulls forever
-PI dam ALWAYS give PI calf |
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Term
| How does BVDV lead to immunosuppression? |
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Definition
-humoral & CMI impaired: dec t-lymphs, altered PMN function
-inc dz susceptibility |
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Term
| How does thrombocytopenia relate to BVDV? Who gets it? CS? |
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Definition
-NCP virus causes inc platelet destruction
-veal calves & adults
-petechiation, ecchymoses, uterine bleeding, bloody diarrhea |
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Term
| What do we see on clinpath w/ BVDV? |
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Definition
-leukopenia due to endotoxin
-thrombocytopenia |
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Term
|
Definition
-prevent secondary bacterial infection
-supportive: fluids & feeding |
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Term
| What do we see on necropsy w/ BVDV? |
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Definition
-erosion/ulceration of GIT
-peyer's patch necrosis
-non-GIT epi necrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
-serology twice 3-4w apart
-virus isolation: oral scrapings, buffy coat (negative at first)
-PCR on blood
-immunohistochemical staining on formanilized tissue |
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Term
| How do we diagnose a BVDV PI animal? |
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Definition
-detect viremia 2X 1 month apart
-virus isolaiton (too expensive and long)
-ELISA on saline of ear notch
-IHC ear notch
-PCR bulk milk or blood |
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Term
| When is PI BVDV screening indicated? |
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Definition
-bull test stations
-ET recipients
-dairy heifers
-beef replacement heifers |
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Term
| What is the best vaccination for BVDV? What is the major disadvantage? |
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Definition
-MLV
-abortifacient (killed virus is not) |
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Term
| What is the etiology behind MCF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the reservoir hosts of MCF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinically susceptible hosts of MCF? |
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Definition
-cattle
-bison
-wild cervids |
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Term
| Describe the epidemiology of MCF. |
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Definition
-cattle dead end host!!!!
-virus easily destroyed
-spradic dz
-long incubation
-low morbidity but HIGH MORTALITY |
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Term
| What are the target tissues of MCF? |
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Definition
-epi: eye, GI, skin
-lymphoid cells: lymphadenopathy
-endothelium: vasculitis |
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Term
| What are the four forms of MCF? What are the major CS? |
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Definition
-peracute, head/eye, GI, catarrhal
-persistent pyrexia, lymphadenopathy, KCS, nasal necrosis/discharge, oral erosions/ulceration, diarrhea, skin lesions, encephalitis |
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Term
| What is the classic lesion of MCF? |
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Definition
| -fibrinoid necrotizing vasculitis in epi tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
-CS
-histopath: fibrinoid necrotizing vasculitis
-PCR for virus: blood, spleen, LN |
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Term
| What are the common names for Clostridial enterotoxemia? |
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Definition
-over-eating
-pulpy kidney |
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Term
| What species are most commonly affected by Clostridial enterotoxemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the etiology of Clostridial enterotoxemia? What sparks enterotoxemia? |
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Definition
-Clostridium perfringens type D
-odd amt of CHO = overgrowth = large amt of toxin |
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Term
| What form of Clostridial enterotoxemia occurs in ovines/bovines? |
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Definition
-generalized dz
-diffusefluid
-petechiae everywhere
-lethargy, diarrhea, CHS signs
-found dead or peracute illness |
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Term
| What form of Clostridial enterotoxemia occurs in caprines? |
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Definition
-hemorrhagic enteritis
-diarrhea
-often found dead
-abdominal pain
-peracute in kids/subacute in adults |
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Term
| How do we diagnose Clostridial enterotoxemia? |
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Definition
-effusion in vody cavities +/- fibrin
-serosal paintbrush hemorrhages
-pulpy/autolytic kidneys
-glucosuria |
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Term
| How do we treat affected animals due to Clostridial enterotoxemia? At risk animals? |
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Definition
-affected: fluids, antitoxin, tranfaunation, abx
-at risk: prophylactic antitoxin, correct feeding problems, vaccination |
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