Term
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Definition
-multisystemic dz resulting form ingestion of unaccustomed amounts of highly fermentable CHO
-fermentation byproducts cause local GI damage & organic acids/ET are absorbed causing systemic dz |
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Term
| Which feedstuffs are bad for grain overload? |
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Definition
-cereal grains: wheat = barley > corn >> oats
-bakery products
-molasses
-tubers & root plants/fruits
-processing inc the risk |
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Term
| HOw are cattle exposed to grains that cause grain overload? |
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Definition
-accidental exposure
-mismanagement: inc % concentrate too rapidly, self feeders, size differences w/in a pen, turn out onto crop field after harvest |
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Term
| Describe the pathophys if grain overload. |
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Definition
-ingestion of carbs = pH dec = growth of S. bovis and gm- die off
-S. bovis pdc lactic acid further dec pH
-cyclic |
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Term
| At what chornoligic point is pH depression maximal due to grain overload? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does rumen become big and splashy w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does metabolic acidosis occur w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
| -lactat einc rumen osmalality = pull water in = D-lactate enters bloodstrem and cannot be metabolized |
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Term
| What causes rumen stasis w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes dehydration w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
| -body water drawn to rumen |
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Term
| What causes diarrhea w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes and is caused by chemical rumenitis w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
-caused by lactic acid's corrosive nature
-causes: epi necrosis/sloughing => fungi/bacteria invade => travel => neter liver via portan v => liver abscesses |
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Term
| What causes endotoxemia w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
| -death of large # gram neg flora |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of grain overload? |
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Definition
-hypomotility + fluid filled rumen w/ free gass blaot
-diarrhea w/ grain kernels: sweet-sour acrid odor
-depressed, ataxia, drunken, endotoxemia, systemic acidosis
-abdominal pain
-dehydration & anuria: excessive thirst
-inc HR/RR
-weakness, recumbency |
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Term
| What do we see on rumen fluid analysis of grain overload? |
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Definition
-color: milky yellow-gray
-consistency: watery
-odor: acidic/sour mash
-ph < 5.5
-microscopic exam: few/dead protozoa, gm+ >> gm- |
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Term
| What do we see on clinpath w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
-hemoconcentration/azotemia
-stress leukogram
-electrolyte abnormalitites: high glucose & P, low Ca/Cl/K
-metabolic acidosis: base deficit 10-20 meq/L in severe
-aciduria: high NPV/low PPV |
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Term
| What are some common sequelae of grain overload? |
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Definition
-liver absscessation
-vena caval syndrome
-mycotic rumenitis
-acute/chronic laminitis
-polioencephalomalacia
-enterotoxemia
-renal failure |
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Term
| What are our treatment goals for grain overload? |
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Definition
-immediate salvage?
-removal of undigested CHO
-correct systemic & ruminal acidosis
-fluid & electrolyte replacement
-reduce the effects of endotoxemia
-restore rumen environment
-prevent development of sequela |
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Term
| How do we remove CHO w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
-rumenotomy (severe cases): long time, expensive, most reliavle
-ruminal lavage (mod cases): knead/massage ventral rumen
-cathartic (MgOH): mild cases; use poweder not pills |
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Term
| How do we alkalinize the rumen w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
-MgOH
-bicarb: too much gas
-dilute in 2-3gal of water & dec dose by half w/ emptied rumen |
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Term
| How do we alkanalize a grain overload case IV? |
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Definition
-use for severe cases
-isotonic NaHCO2 |
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Term
| Which fluids do we give to a grain overload case? |
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Definition
-isotonic saline
-Ringer's sln
-NO LACTATED RINGER'S |
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Term
| How do we treat endotoxemia w/ grain overload case? |
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Definition
-AC in rumen
-NSAIDS: caution b/c nephrotoxic
-corticosteroids: severe cases only and for a short amount of time |
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Term
| How do we restore the rumen with grain overload? |
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Definition
-correct the pH
-transfaunation/probiotics
-grass hay via rumenotomy
-B-vitamins/Brewer's yeast |
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Term
| How do we prevent polio as a sequelae w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
| -thiamine or brewer's yeast |
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Term
| How do we prevent liver abscesses as a sequelae w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we prevent laminitis as a sequelae w/ grain overload? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe convalescent care with grain overload. |
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Definition
-good quality grass hay only
-no grain for 1-2 weeks
-inc grain in ration slowly
-probiotics/transfaunation |
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Term
| How do we prevent grain overload? |
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Definition
-good management: consistent feeding, gradual changes in [CHO]
-ionophors: monensin/lasalocid/salinomycin
-dietary buffers: Na bicarbonate/bentonite/MgOx |
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