Term
| What is the physiologic difference b/n choake and bloat? |
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Definition
-non-patent esophagus = choke
-patent esophagus = bloat |
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Term
| Is bloat an emergency? Explain. |
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Definition
-YES
-rsp & cardiac compression |
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Term
| What is primary bloat? Causes? |
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Definition
-frothy
-causes: grain/feedlot & legume/wheat pasture |
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Term
| What is secondary bloat? Cause? |
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Definition
-free gas
-cause: can't pdc enough gas to overwhelm normal eructation unless there is a problem, thus it is always a secondary problem |
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Term
| What do we see on PE w/ bloat? |
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Definition
-ruminal distension upper L
-motility inc, then dec
-discomfort & colic
-dyspnea & mouth breeathing
-tachycardia
-anxious and/or belligerent
-death from cardiopulm failure |
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Term
| What are some major differentials for bloat? |
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Definition
-rumen distension
-hydrallantois
-mesenteric volvulus
-ruptured bladder
-diffuse peritonitis
-abomasal displacements: calves |
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Term
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Definition
-highly viscous rumen contents: foamy or froty ingesta
-gas bubbles can't coalesce & rise
-froth/liquid at cardia inh neuroreceptors |
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Term
| What plant factors lead to froty bloat? |
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Definition
-cytoplasmic proteins
-leaf structure |
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Term
| What animal/microbial factors lead to frothy bloat? |
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Definition
-quantity of saliva produced
-salivary mucoproteins
-bacterial capsular material (slime) |
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Term
| What can lead to legume & pasture bloat? |
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Definition
-fresh forabe more bloatigenic: induce less saliva, more rapidly digeste
-inadequate adaptation to diet
-grazing behavior
-climatic conditions |
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Term
| What are some feeding factors that lead to grain bloat? |
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Definition
-small particle size
-inadequate roughage
-inadequate adaptation to diet |
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Term
| How do we treat frothy bloat? |
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Definition
-emergency rumenotomy: trocar doesn't work
-pass stomach tube & give defoaming agent (doesn't work w/ severe cases) |
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Term
| How does a defoaming agent work? |
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Definition
-reduce stability of foam when deposited in cardia
-ex: poloxalene |
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Term
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Definition
-feeding management: adequate time for adaptation, inc roughage in diet
-ionophores
-poloxalene: blocks
-AEPD: canada only |
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Term
| What do we see on necropsy w/ bloat? |
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Definition
-cervical congestion & hemorrhage
-bloat line in esophagus: red = cranial
-compressed/pale lungs
-perineal vulvar edema |
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Term
| What is the typical signalment of seconadry frothy bloat? |
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Definition
-single animal, no diet change
-prior GI illness: commonly hardware |
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Term
| What leads to secondary frothy bloat? |
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Definition
-rumen outflow problem
-distention > hypermotility
-churn contents into foam |
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Term
| What are some causes of esophageal compression w/ free gas bloat? |
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Definition
-esophageal FB/choke
-pleuritis/adhesions
-mediastinal LN: LSA, TB, pneum
-hypoderma tx rxn
-esophageal tumor |
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Term
| What are some examples of motility deficits causing free gas bloat? |
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Definition
-hypocalcemia
-xylazine sedation
-reticular adhesions (hardware) |
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Term
| What is a common cause of positional free gas bloat? |
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Definition
| -lateral > blaot approx 30 mins |
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Term
| What are some examples of abnormal rumen environement leading to free gas bloat? |
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Definition
-grain overload: inc gas pdn, dec eructation
-rumen putrefaction: milk drinkers
-rumen inactivity/impaction: poor quality roughage |
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Term
| What are some examples of neuro dysfunction that elads to free gas bloat? |
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Definition
-tetanus
-listeria
0vagal n damage |
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Term
| How do we diagnose choke? |
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Definition
-palpate pharynx & neck
-pass a tube: will feel resistance at cardia
-endoscopy: assess mucosal damage |
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Term
| What do we consider for choke treatment? |
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Definition
-extend of esophageal damage
-availability of butcher
-sedative: exam/mm relaxation |
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Term
|
Definition
0releave bloat first if severe (free gas bloat)
-pass tube, ID the lcoation |
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Term
| How do we treat choke in pharnx or cranial esophagus? |
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Definition
-reach into cranial esophagus
-external massage
-wire loop scoop: apples/beets/etc
-loose feed: hydropropulsion/lavage |
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Term
| If you have choke and you can't relieve it, then what? Concerns? |
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Definition
-use a large sized tube to try and puch it down
-OR put in rumen trochar
-if you push too hard, will get an esophageal rupture |
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Term
| If cow has choke that cannot be relieve or pushed down w/ judiscious force, then what? |
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Definition
-rumenostomy or screw in trocar
-esophagostomy: lots of money & dehiscence problem
-rumenotomy |
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Term
| What are some common complications for choke? |
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Definition
-ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
-perforation > cellulitis
-pressure necrosis after 48h
-esophageal stricture: recurrent choke |
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Term
| What are the components of aftercare for bovine choke? |
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Definition
-correct dehydration/acid=base: fluids, bicarb if long-standing
-BS abx
-anti-inflammatories
-soft diet: moistened feed, fresh grass |
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Term
| How do we treat free gas bloat? |
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Definition
-provide exit for gas
-pass stomach tube
-CORRECT PRIMARY PROBLEM
-dietary management
-transfaunation
-chronic/recurrent bloat: temporary rumenostomy
-abx
-anti-inflammatories |
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