Term
| What hormone starts parturition? Where does it come from? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How does fetal cortisol begin parturition? |
|
Definition
-activates enzyme system that converts P4 to E2
-this E2 causees release of uterine PGF2a and inc uterine oxytocin Rc |
|
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Term
| What does PGF2a causes during parturition? |
|
Definition
-luteolysis
-inc uterine contractility
-softening of the cervix
-relaxation of sacrosciatic ligaments |
|
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Term
| What maintains bovine pregnancy for the first 5m? What do we administer to abort? |
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Definition
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Term
| What maintains pregnancy from 5m to 8m in the cow? What do we administer to abort? |
|
Definition
-placenta
-admin PGF2a and corticosteroids |
|
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Term
| What maintains pregnancy from 8m to term in the cow? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or FAlse: Intact fetoplacental unit is necessary for inducing abortion between 5 and 8 months in the cow. What do we administer? |
|
Definition
-TRUE
-prostaglandins + corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 most common bovine gestational emergencies? |
|
Definition
-fetal mummification
-fetal maceration
-dropsy
-vaginal prolapse |
|
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Term
| When during bovine gestation does fetal mummification occu? What causes it? |
|
Definition
-3-8m
-incomplete regression of CL (inducing abortion or using MLV vx) |
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Term
| Does mummification cause an infection? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of bovine mummification? |
|
Definition
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Term
| How do we diagnose bovine mummification? |
|
Definition
-history of failing to calve
0anestrus
-palpation: hard mass, uterus feels tight around calf, fetal remnant, CL
0US |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat bovine mummification? |
|
Definition
-postaglandins if less than 5 months epeated
-infuse uterus with saline
-estrogen followed by prostaglandins
-C-section in valuable animals
-manual removal after hormones if possible |
|
|
Term
| What is the cow's breeding prognosis psot-mummification? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe the physiology that leads to fetal maceration. |
|
Definition
| -fetal death => closed cervix => autolized fetus => acterial digestion => fetal bones |
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Term
| What are the clinicls signs of acute cases fo bovine fetal maceration? |
|
Definition
-fetid, reddish-gray watery discharge
-septicemic signs |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of chronic cases of bovine fetal maceration? |
|
Definition
| -reddish-gray, mucopurulent disharge with gradual weight lsos |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose bovine fetal maceration? |
|
Definition
-vaginal speculum
-rectal palpation
-US |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat bovine fetal maceration with septicemia? |
|
Definition
| -antibiotics (Florfenicol) + oral/IV fluids + NSAIDs |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat chronic cases of bovine fetal maceration? |
|
Definition
| -prostaglandins + uterine lavage + vaginal removal of autlyzed fetus |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we handle to cow in regards to cases of bovine maceration? |
|
Definition
| -should be culled or salvaged |
|
|
Term
| What is the breeding prognosis of a cow after a case of fetal maceration? |
|
Definition
-poor
-due to chronic endometiral damage with scar tissue |
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of dropsy? |
|
Definition
| -hydramnios and hydrallantois |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What should the amniotic fluid look like? Volume? How is it regulated? |
|
Definition
-clear, colorless, and mucoid in nature
-normal volume is 5-6 liters
-regulated by fetal swallowing |
|
|
Term
| Describe the amniotic environment with hydramnios in the cow. |
|
Definition
-genetic or congenitally defective fetus
25-150 liters of fluid
-cow takes on a pear-shaped abdomen |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose hydramnios in cattle? |
|
Definition
-history of gradual onset of abnormal abdominal enlargement
-palpable placentomes
-US to rule out twins |
|
|
Term
| When do we usually diagnose hydramnios in cattle? |
|
Definition
| -at the time of parturition |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat hydramnios in cattle? |
|
Definition
-induce abortion/parturition
-most of the time diagnosis is at the time of parturition |
|
|
Term
| What is the breeding prognosis of cow after case of hydramnios? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does normal allantoic fluid look like in the cow? Normal volume? |
|
Definition
-clear, watery, and amber-colored
-colelcts fetal urine carried by the umbilical cord via the urachus
-normal volume about 10 liters |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical age of a cow with hydrallantois? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the physiologic cause of hydrallantois in cows? |
|
Definition
| -abnormal placentation = cannot filter what is in the allantoic cavity to enter maternal circulation for excretion |
|
|
Term
| What fetal abnormalities are seen with hydrallantois? |
|
Definition
| -cystic kidneys and hydronephrosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of hydrallantois in the cow? |
|
Definition
-rapid onset with distension
-usually occurs during last month of gestation
-eventually dyspenic
-advanced cases = down
-abdomen is barrel-shaped |
|
|
Term
| What do we feel on palpation of bovine hydrallantois? |
|
Definition
-uterus greatly distended
-no placentomes palpable
-fetus may be palpated |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis with bovine hydrallantois? Treatment? |
|
Definition
-guarded
-salvage is recommended |
|
|
Term
| What conditions does hydrallantois predispose the cow to? |
|
Definition
-uterine rupture
-rupture of pre-pubic tendon and ventral herniation |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we treat bovine hydrallantois? |
|
Definition
-prostaglandins and dexamethasone
-supportive therapy with fluids
-aggressive antibiotics
-NO C-SECTIONS |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of dystocia with bovine hydrallantois? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How frequently do we see vaginal eversion or prolapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which beef breeds are predisposed to vaginal prolapse? |
|
Definition
| -Herefords, Charolais, Limousin, and Shorthorns |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the factors leading to vaginal prolapse in the cow (there are a lot)? |
|
Definition
-inc intra-abdominal pressure
-extreme cold weather
-excess perivaginal fat
-poorly digestible hay
-prior vaginal injury
-incompetent constrictor vestibulor and vulvar muscles
-congenital: persistance of the medial walls of the mullerian ducts
-inc estrogen leels in later pregnancy and in estrus
-Ca/P imbalance in late pregnancy
-Open: embryo donor animals
-Open: follcualr cysts |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of bovine vaginal prolapse? |
|
Definition
-progressive
-exposure of the vaginal mucous membrane
-prolapses and reduces as the cow gets up and lies down
-exposed membranes dry out, become irritated
-leads to straining and greater exposure
-tossie becp,es ede,atpis
-further circulatory impairment and swelling
0cervix and bladder involvement
-chronic |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible classifications of vaginal prolapses? |
|
Definition
-GRade 1-4
-recto-vaginal
-cervico-vaginal |
|
|
Term
| Describe a grade 1 vaginal prolapse in a cow. How do we repair it? |
|
Definition
-small protrusion of vaginal mucosa throgh vulvar lips when lying down and reduces then standing
-repaired by retention sutures |
|
|
Term
| Describe a grade 2 vaginal prolapse in a cow. |
|
Definition
-continuous protrusion
-possibility of urinary bladder entrapment |
|
|
Term
| Describe a grade 3 vaginal prolapse in a cow. |
|
Definition
-entire vaginal mucosa and cervix protrusion through vulvar lips and urinary bladder is trapped
-exposed cervical plug
-bacterial contamination of uterus = abortion
-fetal emphysema = maceration |
|
|
Term
| Describe a grade 4 vaginal prolapse in a cow. |
|
Definition
-entire vaginal mucosa necrotic and fibroses
0dry in summer & frost bite in witner
-peritonitis possible and urinary bladder is involved |
|
|
Term
| In which breeds do we commonly see cervico-vaginal prolapse? |
|
Definition
| -Bos indicus breeds, Santa Gertrudis, and Beef masters |
|
|
Term
| What is the objective of treatment and prevention of vaginal prolapse in the cow? |
|
Definition
-replace, deliver, and wean a live calf
-releive tenesmus
-replace and retain the vagina within the pelvic canal |
|
|
Term
| What should we encourage with a non-pregnant vaginal prolapse in a cow? |
|
Definition
| -culling due to heritability of the condition |
|
|
Term
| What are our short term treatment options with vaginal prolapse in a cow? |
|
Definition
-simple caslicks
-Buhner stitch
-Bootlace
-horizontal mattress
0deep vertical mattess |
|
|
Term
| What are our permanent treatment options with vaginal prolapse in a cow? |
|
Definition
-minchev vaginopexy
-modified Minchev vaginopexy
-Winkler cervicopexy |
|
|
Term
| How do we perform a Caslicks in a vaginally prolapsed cow? |
|
Definition
-for non irritated grade 1 or non pregnant cows
-use absorbable suture if pregnant |
|
|
Term
| What is the disadvantage to treating bovine vaginal prolapse with Buhner stitch? |
|
Definition
-unforgiving if assistance not available at calving
-causes permanent scar tissue, rpedisposing to dystocia |
|
|
Term
| Is a Caslick's or a Bootlace stronger as treatment for bovine vaginal prolapse? |
|
Definition
| -Bootlace: vulva will invert but must be loosened before calving |
|
|
Term
| How does a horizontal mattress change the confirmation of the vulvar lips? How do we prevent it? |
|
Definition
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