Term
|
Definition
| -inability to produce a viable offspring |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common causes of anestrus in the cow? |
|
Definition
-pregnancy
-high producer: dairy
-silent estrus: dairy
-beef cows: postpartum anestrus
-management: heat detection for AI |
|
|
Term
| What are thetwo early positive signs of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
-amniotic vesicle: palpation
-membrane slip: palpation |
|
|
Term
| What are the two later positive signs of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
-fetus: ballotment
-placentomes: palpation or US |
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest sign of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is membrane slip palpable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are amniotic vesicles first palpable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what time do the placentomes first become palpable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the size of the placentomes most consistent in the bovine placenta? |
|
Definition
| -just cranial to the cervix |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 supportive signs of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
-asymmetry of the uterine horns
-thinning and fluctuance of the uterine wall
-fixation of cervix: heavy
-fremitus of middle uterine a
-presence of CL |
|
|
Term
| Where can we find the middle uterine artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can we tell the difference b/n middle uterine artery and iliac artery? |
|
Definition
| -iliac artery is immovable |
|
|
Term
| Is estimation of stage of pregnancy most accurate during the first or second half of gestation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Later in gestation, what 4 factors do we use to estimate the stage of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
-diameter of placentomes
-size of fetus
-middle uterine artery diameter
-crown-rump length |
|
|
Term
| What hormone do we use to identify open cows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces estrone? When do we use it? When during gestation does it become useful? |
|
Definition
-product of placenta
-only practical in an animal that cannot be palpated
-useful after 100d in gestation |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cells secrete bovine pregnancy specific protein B? At which point during gestation is it detectable? |
|
Definition
-trophoblastic cells
-detectable by 30 days after breeding |
|
|
Term
| What mode of ultrasound is used to detect pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At which point of gestation does US become useful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At which point of gestation can the fetal gender be determined in the cow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does visual fetal sexing work? |
|
Definition
| -look at the location of the genital tubercle on the fetus |
|
|
Term
| Why does a high producing cow have inactive ovaries? |
|
Definition
| -production above induction = hypothalmo-pituitary-ovarian axis- frequency and level of release dec |
|
|
Term
| How do we manage estrus in the cow? |
|
Definition
-heat detetion
-estrus 12-24 hours on average
-majority at night or during the cool times of the day
-prior to milking or around the time of feeding, signs of estrus ehavior is dec |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary sign of heat in a cow? |
|
Definition
| -standing quietly and firmly to be mounted and ridden by another cow |
|
|
Term
| What are the secondary signs of estrus? |
|
Definition
-mounting others
-mucous discharge from vulva
-bellowing and excitement
-restlessness
-others: dec appetite, swollen vulva, licking others |
|
|
Term
| What is a heat watch system? How effective is it? |
|
Definition
-similar to heat patches
-mouting pressure to rump sends signal to computer with cow ID, duration, and frequency
-more than 90% effective but very expensive |
|
|
Term
| What is the luteolytic dose of Lutalyse in the cow? What about Estrumate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Without a proficient clinical exam the use of prostaglandin cannot be relied on. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the common stressors that can decrease fertility? |
|
Definition
-energy balance
-heat stress
-cold stress
-lameness: bedding, footing
-diet |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 types of pathological anestrus? |
|
Definition
1. cystic ovary (COD): DAIRY
2. persistent corpus with uterine pathology: BEEF
3. nutritional anestrus
4. congenital anestrus
5. tumors of the ovary: not common
6. persistent corpus luteum w/o uterine pathology: not common |
|
|
Term
| What are the three common types of uterine pathology in beef cows that lead to pathologic anestrus? |
|
Definition
-true pyometra
-mummified fetus
-macerated fetus |
|
|
Term
| In general, what is cystic ovarian disease? |
|
Definition
| -anovulatory follicular structure |
|
|
Term
| What are the three cyst types? |
|
Definition
-follicualr cysts: pathological
-luteal cysts: pathological
-cystic CL: non-pathological |
|
|
Term
| What is an ovarian cysts? |
|
Definition
| -large, anovulatory, follicular structure(s) > 30 mm that persists beyond the hormal period for DF |
|
|
Term
| How are ovarian cysts dynamic? |
|
Definition
-may regress and be replaced by another
-may regress and replaced by normal ovulation
-may exist in conjunction with CL |
|
|
Term
| What is the endocrine etiology of cystic ovarian disease? |
|
Definition
-disorder of GnRH release or inadequate release
-disorder in response of pituitary gland to GnRH
-improperly timed LH surge
-dec receptors for LH/FSH
-imbalance of circulating steroid hormones, ath the critical time during their cycle |
|
|
Term
| In addition to endocrine etiologies, what are some other factors associated with cystic ovarian disease? |
|
Definition
-high milk production
-seasonality
-nutrition: low energy/fat in diet
-estrogenic feeds
-estrogen therapy PP
-peripartum stress
-hereditary |
|
|
Term
| Are follicular, luteal, or cystic cysts pathological? Which are anovulatory? |
|
Definition
| -follicular and luteal cysts are pathological and anovulatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-external signs
-rectal palpation: unreliable at best
-US: may improve the accuracy, repeated observations |
|
|
Term
| What are the external signs of a follicualr cyst? |
|
Definition
-anestrus (80%)
-nymphomania
-palpation of ovaries
-multiple, thin-walled, fluctuant, easily rupture
-uterus: edema/thickening without tone |
|
|
Term
| What are the external signs seen with a luteal cyst? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs we "see" on palpation of the ovaries and uterus of luteal cysts? |
|
Definition
-Ovaries: single or double, thin-walled, fluctuant
-Uterus: thick-walled, edema, flaccid |
|
|
Term
| What do we use to differentiate a follicular and luteal cysts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat cystic ovary disease? |
|
Definition
-traditional therapy based on inducing luteinization of the cyst
-does not cause ovulation
-role of exogenous GnRH is not clear
-other therapies used: HCG, P4, physical ablation, PGF2a |
|
|
Term
| If there is luteal tissue present with cysts, what treatment do we use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is no luteal tissue present with cysts, what treatment do we use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are our four treatment options with luteal and follicular cysts? |
|
Definition
1. GnRH
2. LH products (Follutein, HCG, chorionic gondotropin)
3. PGF2a (Lutylase or Estrumate)
4. Progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What are our three methods of controlling cystic ovarian disease in cattle? |
|
Definition
-prevent other post partum conditions
-culling of affected cows and their daughters
-admin of GnRH, 12-14d after calving |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major pathologies seen with CL in cattle? |
|
Definition
-pyometra
-mummification
-maceration |
|
|
Term
| What is a pyometra? What is a common cause fo it in cattle? |
|
Definition
-pus in uterus
-retained fetal membranes |
|
|
Term
| What are our clinical signs of pyometra in cattle? |
|
Definition
-anestrus!!!
-not septicemic and no discharge
-palpation: unilateral or bilateral enlargement of hte uterus with a CL |
|
|
Term
| How long is the maximum length of time necessary for cow to pass fetal membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is post-coital pyometra suggestive of in beef cows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat pyometra in cattle? |
|
Definition
-prostaglnadins + local infusion
-DO NOT BREED THE FIRST ESTRUS |
|
|
Term
| When during gestation does early embryonic death occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately what percentage of early embryonic deaths occur before MRP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of early embryonic death in the cow before MRP? |
|
Definition
-Physical causes: developmental
-Environmental causes: temp, stress, infectious, teratogens, drugs
-Management: breeding
-Genetic: chromosomal
-Hormonal |
|
|
Term
| Approximately what percentage of early embryonic death occurs after MRP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of early embryonic death in the cow after MRP? |
|
Definition
-uterine environment: infectious
-genetic/chromosomal
-dups: deficiency of uridine monophosphatase synthetase (embryo does not survivie > 40D)
-environmental causes like inc temp, immune rxn, stress, nutrition, toxins, chemicals, drugs, etc |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of fetal death prior to term (<10%)? |
|
Definition
-infectious
-toxic agents: chemicals, drugs, vaccines
-hormonal
-chromosomal/genetics
-physical
-induced abortions |
|
|
Term
| What are the three most common infectious venereal diseases in cattle? |
|
Definition
-T. foetus
-Campylobacter fetus venerealis
-Ureaplasma
-Also: IBR, BVD, Lepto, Neospora, Salmonella, etc |
|
|
Term
| What is Tritrichomonal foetus? |
|
Definition
| -protozoan parasite that is pear shaped and roughly the size of head of a sperm cell |
|
|
Term
| Where does T. foetus live in the cow? |
|
Definition
-bull: in skin that lines penis and sheath
-cows/heifers: in cavity of vagina and uterus |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of T. foetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of T. foetus in cattle. |
|
Definition
-Venereal transmission from infected bull to susceptible cow or vice versa
-Passive transmission may occur from a previously uninfected bull that has recently mated with an infected cow |
|
|
Term
| Does infection with T. foetus affect semen quality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the typical age of a bull chronically infected with T. foetus. |
|
Definition
-bulls <3y typically clear infection
-bulls >3y are generally permanently infected |
|
|
Term
| Does infection with T. foetus prevent conception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does most pregnancy loss due to T. foetus occur in the cow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of T. foetus in the cow/heifer? |
|
Definition
-infertility due ot early embryonic death
-extended calving season
-poor pregnancy rates
-post coital pyometra
-early abortions
-cows returning to estrus mid breeding season |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of T. foetus in the bull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do we get samples for T. foetus from the bull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do we get samples for T. foetus from the cow/heifer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gold standard for culturing and diagnosing T. foetus? What are some other testing methods used? |
|
Definition
-In Pouch culture system
-Diamond's medium, PCR, ELISA assay, flourescent Ab test, hemolytic assay |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat T. foetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main categories of T. foetus prevention? |
|
Definition
1. biocontainment: management of an ifnected herd
2. biosecurity: keeping a clean herd free of Trichomonas |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the biocontainment measures we use to deal with a cattle herd infected with T. foetus? |
|
Definition
-test and cull all affected bulls
-implement and utilize AI
-cull all open and late-calving cows
-divide herd into clean and dirty
-vaccinate |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the biosecurity measures we take when trying to keep T. foetus out of our cattle herd? |
|
Definition
-maintain a young bull battery
-conduct a fertility exam and culture all bulls before the breeding season
-purchase only virgin, yearling bulls
-don not share or lease bulls
-do not purchase older cows and add them to your herd (incoming cows should be virgin heifers)
-cull open cows
-maintain a defined breeding season to ID repro problems
-pregnancy test all cows and heifers 120 days after the breeding season
-keep fences in good repair to keep out other herds
-vaccinate if you want but not enough on its own |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology behind campylobacteriosis? |
|
Definition
| -Campylobacter fetus venerealis |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs seen with C. venerealis infection? |
|
Definition
-embryonic death and temporary infertility
-prolonged calving season
-abortion (4-8m): not common
-regular or irregular cycles
-chronic carriers (in cervix)
-older bulls persistently infected |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical chance of obtaining a definitive diagnosis of abortion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the reproductive effects of BVDV? |
|
Definition
-early embryonic death
-persistent infection
-abortion usually during first trimester
-congenital defects |
|
|
Term
| What are the repro effects of BHV-1 (aka IBR)? |
|
Definition
-early embryonic death
-abortion usually in 4-9m (sometimes in storms) |
|
|
Term
| What is the bovine host adapted lepto? |
|
Definition
| -Leptospira serovar Hardjo |
|
|
Term
| What are the repro effects of Leptospira serovar Hardjo? |
|
Definition
-infertility
-early embryonic death
-abortion: 4m or later
-birth of weak calves
-abortions tend to be sporadic |
|
|
Term
| What are the repro effects of Leptospira Pomona? |
|
Definition
| -usually an incidental infection in cattle but abortion typically occurs in last trimester and may occur in storms |
|
|
Term
| Describe the repro effects of UReaplasma and Mycoplasma. |
|
Definition
-infertility
-granular vulvovaginitis
-early and later term abortions |
|
|
Term
| What are the repro effects of Chlamydophila spp? |
|
Definition
-late term abortion
-stillbirth
-weak calves
-usually sporadic
-localized thickening around cotylen=dons |
|
|
Term
| What are the protozoal causes of abortion in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do cattle get Neospora caninum if canids are the major host? |
|
Definition
| -cattle are the intermediate hosts |
|
|
Term
| What is the epidemic pattern of N. caninum in cattle? |
|
Definition
| -single exposure of large number of animals via feed/water that causes an abortion storm |
|
|
Term
| What is the endemic pattern of N. caninum in cattle? |
|
Definition
-infection passes transplacentally from dam to offspring
-may occur for several generations
-sporadic abortions
-seropositive dams have higher relatie risk for abortion than seronegative dams |
|
|
Term
| What arethe consequences of cattle infection with N. caninum? |
|
Definition
-dam is subclinical
-abortion after 4m
-stillbirths |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose neospora in cattle? |
|
Definition
-histopath of fetal brain
-IHC
-serology of dam: only shows exposure not definitive diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| How do we control neospora in cattle herds? |
|
Definition
-cull positive cows
-cull daughters of positive cows
-vaccine available but efficacy has not been thoroughly tested
-eliminate exposure to dogs and feces |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of fungal abortion in cattle? |
|
Definition
-Aspergillus fumigatus
-usually sporadic |
|
|
Term
| What are the repro effects of Anaplasma marginale? |
|
Definition
-higher fever in dam
-anemia: results in fetal hypoxia
-abortion in late gestation |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the toxic causes of cattle abortion? |
|
Definition
-nitrates
-poison hemlock
-lpines
-tbacco
-ponderosa pine
-snakeweed
-locoweed |
|
|
Term
| What are the repro effects of nitrates? |
|
Definition
-dead cow
-methemoglobinemia induced fetal hypoxia
-abortion in late gestation |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major causes of fungal abortions in cattle? |
|
Definition
-Aspergillus
-Mucor
-Mortierella wolfi |
|
|
Term
| What diagnostic samples do we want to send in for cattle abortion cases? |
|
Definition
| -whole fresh fetus and placenta |
|
|
Term
| What is the single most diagnostic sample to send in for cattle abortion? |
|
Definition
-placenta
-including cotyledons |
|
|
Term
| What do we look for on serology of cattle abortion cases? |
|
Definition
| -4-fold inc in titier indicating recent infection with said agent |
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of stillbirths in cattle? |
|
Definition
-fetal asphyxia or birth injury
-inadequate protein or energy in late pregnancy
-late term abortion |
|
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