Term
|
Definition
1. Breakdown of ingested food
2. Absorption of nutrients into the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Production of cellular energy (ATP)
2. Constructive and degradative cellular activities |
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Term
| organs of the alimentary canal in order from the mouth to the anus |
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Definition
1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine
6. Large intestine
7. Anus |
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Term
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Definition
| protect the anterior opening |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fleshy projection of the soft palate |
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Term
|
Definition
space between lips externally and teeth and
gums internally |
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Term
|
Definition
| area contained by the teeth |
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Term
|
Definition
| attached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum |
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Term
|
Definition
| (chewing) of food/Mixing masticated food with saliva |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Allowing for the sense of taste |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Food is propelled to the
esophagus by two muscle |
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Definition
| Longitudinal & circular muscle layer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1)Moist membrane
2) Surface epithelium
3) Small amount of connective tissue
(lamina propria)
4) Small smooth muscle layer |
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Term
| Submucosa layer is located? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics |
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Term
| Muscularis externa locations |
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Definition
a. Inner circular layer
b. Outer longitudinal layer |
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Term
| muscularis externa is made of |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Outermost layer – visceral
peritoneum |
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Term
| Serosa is what layer is made of? |
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Definition
| Layer of serous fluid producing cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity |
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Term
| Where does food enter the stomach? |
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Definition
| cardio esophageal sphincter |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| funnel-shaped terminal end |
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Term
| Food empties into the small intestine at the ? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| internal folds of the mucosa |
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Term
| oblique muscle layer of the stomach |
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Definition
| aids in digestion by grinding the food together with digestive juices. T |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mixture of partially digested food, acids, enzymes, and liquid. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens) |
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Term
|
Definition
| produce hydrochloric acid |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| attaches the liver to the lesser curvature |
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Term
|
Definition
attaches the greater curvature to the
posterior body wall |
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Term
| Significance of less/greater omentum |
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Definition
| Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs |
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Term
|
Definition
a. The body’s major digestive organ
b. Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
c. Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to
the ileocecal valve
d. Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Attached to the stomach
2) Curves around the head of the pancreas |
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Term
|
Definition
| attaches anteriorly to the duodenum |
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Term
|
Definition
| extends from jejunum to large intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| anchors the small intestines to the back of the abdominal wall. |
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Term
| Villi of the Small Intestine |
|
Definition
a. Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa
b. Give the small intestine more surface area |
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Term
| Microvilli (Brush Border) of the Small Intestine |
|
Definition
a. Small projections of the
plasma membrane
b. Found on absorptive cells -
increase surface area for
absorption |
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Term
| Structures Involved in Absorption of Nutrients |
|
Definition
a. Absorptive cells
b. Blood capillaries
c. Lacteals (specialized
lymphatic capillaries) |
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Term
|
Definition
(collections of lymphatic
tissue) |
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Term
| Functions of the Large Intestine |
|
Definition
a. Absorption of water
b. Eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces
c. Does not participate in digestion of food |
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Term
|
Definition
| mucus to act as a lubricant |
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Term
| Parotid glands has how much saliva? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1) Produce serous secretion
2) Enzyme salivary amylase (breaks down
starches)
3) Drained by parotid duct - empties into
vestibule at second molar |
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|
Term
| Submandibular glands located and amount of saliva? |
|
Definition
| in floor of mouth has 70% saliva |
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|
Term
| Submandibular glands produces |
|
Definition
1) Produce buffers, glycoproteins (mucins), and
salivary amylase
2) Drained by submandibular duct - opens
immediately behind teeth |
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Term
| Sublingual glands location and produces how much saliva? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sublingual glands Produce |
|
Definition
1) Produce mucous secretion: buffer and
lubricant
2) Drained by sublingual duct - either side of lingual frenulum |
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Term
|
Definition
a. 99.4% water
b. Remaining 0.6%
1) Electrolytes
2) Buffers
3) Glycoproteins
4) Antibodies
5) Enzymes (amylase and lysozyme)
6) Waste products |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
increases
secretion (PNS active when you are at rest/after have
eaten a large meal) |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| decreases secretion (why you have a dry mouth when you are nervous) |
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Term
| Deciduous (baby or milk) teeth contain how many? |
|
Definition
| 20 teeth are fully formed by age two |
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|
Term
| Permanent teeth replace at what age and how many? |
|
Definition
1) Replace deciduous teeth beginning between
the ages of 6 to 12
2) A full set is 32 teeth, but some people do not |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
exposed part
1) Outer enamel
2) Dentin
3) Pulp cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Region in contact with the gum
2) Connects crown to Root |
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Term
|
Definition
1) Periodontal membrane/ligament attached to the bone
2) Root canal carrying blood vessels and
nerves |
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Term
| digestive enzymes secreted into the duodenum via pancreatic duct |
|
Definition
1) Pancreatic alpha-amylase (starches)
2) Pancreatic lipase (fats)
3) Nucleases (DNA and RNA) |
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Term
| Proteolytic enzymes (proteins) secreted why? |
|
Definition
secreted as inactive proenzymes to protect
secretory cells from being degraded |
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Term
| Proteolytic enzymes (proteins)activated where |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin (b cells) pancreas islet |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucagon (a cells) pancreas islet |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify the individual lobes of the liver |
|
Definition
| Right is bigger left is smaller |
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Term
| Identify the falciform ligament |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenum and pancreas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This blood is rich in nutrients that have been extracted from food, and the liver processes these nutrients; it also filters toxins that may have been ingested with the food. |
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Term
|
Definition
| carry oxygen-depleted blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava. They also transport blood that has been drained from the colon, pancreas, small intestine, and the stomach, and cleaned by the liver. |
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Term
|
Definition
| regulate blood levels of substances such as cholesterol and glucose, the liver helps maintain body homeostasis |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a. (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). |
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Term
|
Definition
| It then joins the common bile duct, which meets pancreatic duct before it empties into the duodenum |
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Term
|
Definition
| stores bile produced in liver |
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Term
|
Definition
a. Produced by cells in the liver
b. Secreted into a network of narrow channels (bile canaliculi) that connect with bile ductules
c. Bile ductules empty into bile ducts at nearest portal area
d. All bile ducts empty eventually into Right and Left Hepatic ducts |
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Term
| Bile flows from common hepatic duct to either |
|
Definition
1) Common bile duct - enters duodenum
2) Cystic duct - enters gallbladder |
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Term
|
Definition
3) Cholesterol
4) Phospholipids
5) Electrolytes |
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Term
|
Definition
a) emulsify fats - break fats into droplets
b) increases surface area of fat exposed to enzymes |
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|
Term
| Bile is introduced into the duodenum in the presence |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Gallbladder bile under control of |
|
Definition
intestinal hormone cholecytokinin
(CCK) |
|
|
Term
CCK relaxes haptopancreatic sphincter and
gallbladder |
|
Definition
ejection of pancreatic juice and bile
into duodenum |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
moving foods
from one region of the
digestive system to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| alternating waves of contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
2. Churning of food in the stomach
3. Segmentation in the small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
2. Churning of food in the stomach
3. Segmentation in the small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1. Enzymes break down food molecules into their building Blocks |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or
lymph
2. Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries |
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Term
|
Definition
elimination of indigestible substances as
feces |
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Term
|
Definition
| food is physically broken down by chewing |
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Term
| Activities of the Pharynx and Esophagus |
|
Definition
1. These organs have no digestive function
2. Serve as passageways to the stomach |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a. Voluntary
b. Occurs in the mouth
c. Food is formed into a bolus
d. The bolus is forced into the pharynx by the tongue |
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|
Term
| Pharyngeal-esophageal phase |
|
Definition
a. Involuntary transport of the bolus
b. All passageways except to the stomach are blocked
c. Peristalsis moves the bolus toward the stomach
d. The cardioesophageal sphincter is opened when food presses
against it |
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|
Term
| Blocks during Pharyngeal-esophogeal phase |
|
Definition
1) Tongue blocks off the mouth
2) Soft palate (uvula) blocks the nasopharynx
3) Epiglottis blocks the larynx |
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|
Term
| Food Breakdown in the Stomach |
|
Definition
1. Gastric juice is regulated by neural and hormonal factors
2. Presence of food or falling pH causes the release of gastrin
3. Gastrin causes stomach glands to produce protein-digesting
enzymes
4. Hydrocholoric acid makes the stomach contents very acidic (parietal cells) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a. pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion
b. Provides a hostile environment for microorganisms
c. Protein digestion enzymes (chief cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
| works on digesting milk protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| an active protein digesting enzyme |
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|
Term
| The only absorption that occurs in the stomach is of |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Rippling peristalsis occurs |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The pylorus delivers 30 ml of chyme at a time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take the stomach to empty? |
|
Definition
| The stomach empties in four to six hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Site of nutrient absorption into the blood |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Propulsion in the Small Intestine |
|
Definition
1) Mix chyme with digestive juices
2) Aid in propelling food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Help complete digestion of starch (pancreatic
amylase)
b. Carry out about half of all protein digestion
(trypsin, etc.)
c. Responsible for fat digestion (lipase)
d. Digest nucleic acids (nucleases)
e. Alkaline content (bicarbonate) neutralizes acidic
chyme |
|
|
Term
| effect that bile has on fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrates are broken to simple sugars by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins are broken to amino acids by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fats are broken to fatty acids and alcohols by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vitamins are produced by bacteria in the large intestine |
|
Definition
Produce some vitamin K and Bs (vitamin
B12, thiamine and riboflavin) |
|
|
Term
| Presence of feces in the rectum causes a defecation reflex |
|
Definition
1) Internal anal sphincter is relaxed
2) Defecation occurs with relaxation of the
voluntary (external) anal sphincter |
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