• Area emcompassing majorcurrent system
• Lowest biomass in ocean
• little primary productivity
• 70% of ocean
• Must Uniform of ocean regions (Temp and Salinity)

• Resembles mix of light and nutrient distribution where light decreases with depth where as nutrients increase with depth
• Biomass increases with depth to 100m before decreasing

• low productiviy
• mostly photosynthetic bateria
• many trophic levels because they are needed to get from small organisms to large fish (5-6)

• Higher productivity in summer than winter due to increased light amount
• Gyers are a sink of CO2 from atmosphere and transfer DOC throughout ocean

• large colonies of cyanobacteria (can be detected by satellite)
• fix nitrogen to ammonia but only fix at night due to limited O2 (except for trichodesmium)
• aggregate on surface

• Says that DOC is proccessed by small organisms that are then eaten and proccesed
• allows carbon to move up trophic level to copipods and mesoplankton

• subtropical in all oceans
• northernly migration in summer
• no teeth so use bill to kill prey
• Spend most of time on continental shelf

• Seperate populations in pacific and atlantic
• Spawn april to august

• Have CaCO3 shell
• foot has morphed into 2 small wings
• 50% of polar zooplankton (Holoplankton)
• DUe to acidifcation, species are showing incomplete formation of shell

• Type of Urochordate with a notochord, and dorals and ventral nerve bundles
• Very long colonies
• move by flexing muscle band and pumping water
• First asexual then sexual reproduction

• colonial tunicates (1000's of individuals)
• filter plankton through cilia

• Solitary
• propulsion by beating tail
• two filters capable of filtering to 1 micron
• creates new "house" every 4 hours

• Horizontal current on teh scale fo 10s of meters
• forms from winds that move perpendicular to circular cell motion
• form sargasm 

• Brownian- random movement of preditors used when pray is abundant
• Levy-short random interals followed by long intervals of movement in one direction when pray is scarce

• low temperatures
• High Pressure
• No sunlight

• Very low growth rate
• low reproduction rate
• low metabolic rate
• water density is greater which allows organisms to not have to expend energy staying in place in water column

• Fluid pressure in organims tissue matches seawater pressure
• High level of TMAO to stabilize proteins

• Lack of light exerts greatest evolutionary impact
• contershading is present in disphotic zone
• preditors have large mouths so they can eat what ever they find
• Bioluminescence

• some organisms have lumiecent organisms while others conain bioluminescent bacteria
• Used for countershading, mating and species recognition, attracting prey, and defense

• many fish have tubular eyes with two retinas
• can see in dim light
• help with depth perception

• Usual food base is limited
• Get most nutrients through whale fallls and marine snow
• Bacteria=>Mesofauna=>Infauna=>Deposit feeders and sespention feeders=>Predatory Fish
• High diversity but low numbers due to stable conditions

• Productive self contained communities
• Vents form at spreading centers where sea water meets magma
• basis of food chain is chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxiding bacteria
• often short lived due to life of vents and so organisms must pruce high number of larvea to colonize new vents or use carcasses as intermediate habitats

• "Cold seeps"
• supported by sufide-oxidizing bateria
• similar to hydrothermal vents except for temperature

• limited due to shallow seas
• largest inflow comes from gulf stream
• retun water goes through Fraum Straight around Greenland

• Maximum during March
• Minimum during September
• 100% to 50% coverage

• Majority of benthos is continental shelf
• sea ice forms active community of algea on underside responsible for 10-20% of primary production in summer
• Algea is base of trophic web
• Low species diversity due to low primary productivty

• Throat irritation
• Nasal Congestion
• Eye irritation
• Cough
• Wheezing
• Shortness of Breath
• Chest Tightness
• Headache
• Itchy Sking
• Diarrhea

• may be harmful by virtue of biomass or toxins produces
• toxins accumulate high up the food web
• often found in sites of eutrophication

• Neurotoxins that bond to the voltage gated sodium channels in nerve cells and causes them to be continually activated

• Amnesic shellfish poisoning
• diarrhetic shellfish poisoning
• neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
• paralytic shellfish poisoning

• toxin produced by dionoflagellates associated with coral reefs
• can collect in fish and be transfered to humans through ingestion
• can cause gastrointestinal and neurological dissorders

• Not all cyanobacteria are toxic
• however toxins can cause liver damage, skin and GI tract damage, nereve damage to synapses and axons
• Greatest public health impact
• can be fetal
• exposure via inhalation of aerosols or ingestion

• V. cholerae is pathogenic
• euryhaline (5-20PPM)
• Found in many tropic and temperate waters around world
• 3M sickened and 100,000 deaths per year
• massive fluid loss
• infection in regions with poor sanitation

• 64 Members
• many vibrios are free-living or commensals of invertebrates

• strong currents increase V. cholerae disperal
• warm seas increase bacteria growth
• ENSO increases surface water temp
• monsoons provide way for bacteria to move inland

• inhabits copepod GI tract
• allows for increased disperasal and protection from grazers and harmful chemicals

• indicator organisms indicate the presence of sewage by sheding pathogenic microbes in feces
• indicator microbs include e.coli, fecal coliform, enterococci

• survives on surface for long periods of time
• risks of exposure come from close contact with colonizing strains
• MRSA and MSSA organisms are being detected in coastal waters
• Has been found on marine mammals that hve come into contact with humans

• Found worldwide
• filter-feeders who are exposed to high water volumes
• resillient to pollution
• all leads to high bioaccumulation

• First marine drug approved by FDA
• comes from conotoxin
• 100-1000x more potent than morphine

• Toadfish mimic human stress better than lab rats as both humans and toadfish use cortisol as a stress hormone
• Aplysia have simple nerve systems that can aid in memory studies
• Squid giant axons are much larger and easier to study and were how the first action potentals were measured in nerves

Occured at depth and released at high pressure and temperature

10x larger then exon valdes

• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• most toxic chemical in crude oil
• PAH concentration in gulf was between 10-20ug/L

• reduces oil buoyance at depth
• prevents slicks at surface that cover marine organisms
• increase solubility of PAHs in water
• DOSS is a chemical in dispersants that allows them to be traced

• bent backbones
• small lower jaws
• incomplete caudal fin formation
• poor brain development
• heart defects

• slower clam swim speed forcing fish to maintain a higher swim speed to keep up with others in a school

• Hypoxia and Anoxia due to bacterial degradation of organic matter
• caused by nutrient runoff that doubled Nitrogen and tripled P inputs to coastal waters in past 60 years

1. Nutrient rich water flows into coastal waters
2. algea feed on the nutrients causing huge blooms that then die
3. zooplankton eat algae
4. bacteria feed ont eh fecal pellets and dead algae
5. bacteria deplete O2
6. Marine life flee when O2 reaches less than 2mg/L and dies when it reaches less than 1mg/L