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| How does DNA carry genetic information? |
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Definition
| Stored in the sequence of bases along a nucleic acid. A chromosome which carries the genetic info in the form of DNA is found inside the DNA. |
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| The haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism. |
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| A segment of DNA found on a chromosome is called a____? |
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| How many phases are there in mitoses. |
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| Name the phases of mitosis in order from the beginning to the end of cell divison |
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Definition
| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytoinesis |
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| The period of growth during the cell cycle is called____? |
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| Any cell that is not a sex cell |
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| How many daughter cells are produced at the end of mitosis? |
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| During which phase of the cell cycle are DNA and centrioles of animal cells replicated? |
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| What are thin, tangled strands of DNA called that are present during interphase? |
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| During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell? |
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| During which part of mitosis do the chromosomes first become visible? |
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| During which part of mitosis do the centrioles begin to move to opposite poles? |
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Term
| During which part of mitosis do the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear? |
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Term
| During which phase of mitosis do the spindle fibers begin to form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure attaches the chromosome to the spindle fibers during metaphase? |
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Term
| A cell with a full set of chromosomes is said to be? |
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Term
| What is one half of a chromosome called? |
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Term
| During which phase of mitosis are the sister chromatids pulled apart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are sister chromatids? |
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Definition
| Identical halves that make a chromosome |
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Term
| During which phase of mitosis do the spindle fibers begin to shorten? |
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| What cell parts reappear during telophase? |
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Definition
| Cell membrane and nucleous. |
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Term
| What are the functions of meiosis? |
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Definition
| Aid and perform reproduction |
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Definition
| Repair, grow, maitenence, Divides DNA, Autosomes, cells have 46 chromosomes, PMAT. |
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Definition
| Produce sex cells, aid and perform reproduction, Meiosis 1 and 2, Gametes/Somatic cells, 23 chromosomes. |
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Definition
| 2 chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of genetic material |
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Term
| In which phase of Meiosis does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
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Definition
| When genes seperate on their own |
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Term
| In which phase of Meiosis does independent assortment occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of organisms undergo Meiosis? |
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Definition
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| What is the advantage of sex? |
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Definition
| Introduces new combos of heritable traits in the offspring, large and multicellular organisms that have limited #'s of offspring & evolve slowly, Must keep up with rapid evolution of parasites, bacteria, and viruses |
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Term
| How is sex determined in humans? |
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| 1 is more dominant than the other |
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| Both alleles are equally dominant |
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| Mating between individuals who have same alleles at one genetic locus of interest (true breeding) |
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| 2 or more genes assort independently. |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| 2 or more genes will assort independently |
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Definition
| During gamete production the 2 copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that the offspring acquire one factor from each parent |
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| Probabilty that any 1 of 2 or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding individual probabilities |
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| Multiply probability of 1 event by the probability of another |
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Definition
| Can replicate, make copies, serves as a pattern for duplication of bases |
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Definition
| Breaks, swivels, and rejoins the parental DNA ahead of the replication fork, relieving the strain caused by unwinding |
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Definition
| Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parent strands and making them available as template strands. |
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Term
| Single strand binding proteins |
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Definition
| Stabilize the unwound parental strands |
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| Sub-units run parallel but in opposite directions |
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| Continous in the 5'-3' direction toward the fork |
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Definition
| Multiple sites of initiation are exposed |
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| Short segments of lagging strand |
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| Synthesizes RNA primers, using the parental DNA as a template |
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| Process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence called messenger RNA |
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| Translated mRNA molecules to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. |
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Definition
| Region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of a chromatid, which protect the end of chromosomes from deterioration |
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| Sequence of DNA at which replication is initiated on a chromosome. |
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Definition
| Most common form of DNA in living organisms in which the double helix twists in right-hand direction |
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Definition
| Inside the sister chromatins in the middle where they come together, mostly non-coding DNA |
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Term
| Semi-Conservative replication |
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Definition
| The parents come together again to produce two daughter cells with new and old strands of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The double helix is unwound and each strand acts as a template for the next strand. Bases are synthesized to match the new partner strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Each base is attached to a sugar held together by a hydrogen bond. C-G A-T |
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Term
| How many hydrogen bonds are found at each base pair? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chemical bonds exist in a DNA molecule |
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Definition
| Hydrogen and Covalent bonds |
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Term
| What does 5' and 3' mean? |
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Definition
| Indicates the carbon numbers in the DNA sugars backbone. |
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Term
| Why is DNA copied into the 5' to 3' direction? |
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Definition
| Guides the DNA strands in one direction for replication. |
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Term
| What is noncoding DNA and it's biological importance? |
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Definition
DNA that doesnt code for anything (Junk DNA)
Transcription and translation regualation of protein coding sequences. |
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Term
| What is the difference between primary mRNA and mature mRNA |
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Definition
| Primary mRNA is when the transcript is about to be spliced and mature mRNA is when the transcript has already been spliced |
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| What word refers to a part of mRNA that must be removed before mature mRNA is produced? |
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Definition
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| What is the function of mRNA? |
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Definition
| Carries codes from the DNA in nucleous to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
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Term
| What is the function of ribosomal RNA? |
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Definition
| Catalyze the assembly of amino acids in protein chains. |
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Definition
| Sequence of 3 nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. |
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Definition
| Transcribes genetic info from DNA to RNA. |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase binds to DNA, DNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase which attaches to DNA at promoter region, then elongation occurs. |
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Definition
| Proteins are synthesized from the info in mRNA. |
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Definition
| Initiation, elongation, termination |
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Definition
| Set of rules by which info encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins by living cells. |
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Definition
| Helps decode the messenger RNA sequences into proteins. |
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