The Finding of the Baby Moses 244–45 CE, Detail of a wall painting from a house-synagogue, Dura-Europos, Syria. Fresco (tempera on plaster).

• Found in earyl House/synagogue 
• Move away from naturalism and move to greater abstraction
• Not the same naturalism
• more stylized and static- reduced to series of straight lines and faces are all uniform 
• communicates ideas more rapidly

Interior, Church of Santa Sabina, c. 422-432, Rome, Italy.

• Interior has a lot of marble veneer with marble cloumns with Corithina capitals

• Columns suppor large round arches, creating a straight nave arcade

• Have image of chalive and paten (bread plate)- equipment for the Eucharistic rite that took place at altar

• Painitng or mosacis of bilibilcal scenes on blind wall

• Bascilia type- long hall used for assembly with large audiences

Church of Santa Costanza, Plan and Section, 350, Rome, Italy.

• centrally planned type of building- Martyrion type
• tomb of Constantina, daughter of Constantine is here
• tall rotunda with enciricling barrel-vaulted passageway- ambulatory

Good Shepherd, Lunette over the entrance, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, c. 425, Ravenna, Italy.  Mosaic.

• Representation of un-beared Christ and symbol of the good Shepard
• Use of emblem to express Christian ideals and philosophical themes
• Turns face away with golden disk, hallow radiating around him 
• Mosaic used and transported from floor to walls and domes 
• Most expensive medium- tiny cubes of stone and glass
• Reflects heavy use of gold mosaic
• Take clear cube of glass and apply thin piece of gold leaf so that gold shines though- walls draped in gold and symbolic of heavenly spaces as well as wealth of Byzantine empire

Church of Hagia Sophia, 532-37, Istanbul, Turkey.

• Greatest building in Byzantine architecture 
• Justininan ordered the best archetects, designers, and masonry techniques in all of Constantinople
• New church emboided imperial power of Chrisian glory
• Hybrid of longitudinal and central architecural plannng 
• Dominated by giant dome

Plan and Section of the Church of Hagia Sophia, 532-37, Istanbul, Turkey.

Church of San Vitale, 547, Ravenna, Italy.

• Theme:  Influence of Roman building types 
• Martyrium to San Vitale but not finished until Justinian established it as the administrative capital of Byzantine Italy
• Church is central domed octagon with 8 radiating exedrae (wall niches).

Emperor Justinian and his Attendants, North wall of the apse, Church of San Vitale, 547.  Ravenna, Italy.

• Take abstraction to express emblematic ideals 
• Theme: Icongraphy of power- Represents himself all the ideals of an ideal ruler- borrows both from Roman soldiers and new ideas of holy Christian figure
• Borrows frieze like assembly of figures and makes himself center of compositions
• Hold series of emblems that represents how he wants to be perceived
• Clock is rich imperial purple
• Bracelets worn makes him a man of the people
• Jeweled crown and large halo indicates he has semi-divine status
• Large plate made of gold to be donated to Church of San Vitale
• Behind him is a group of soldiers with symbol from Constantine’s vision 

Virgin of Vladimir, 11^th-12^th century, probably from Istanbul, Turkey.  Icon, tempera on wood panel.

• Iconography of Christ as a gentle, affectionate son- Revered icon of Mary and Christ 
• Distinctely humazinzed and suggests a desire for a more personal and immediate relationship with religion
• Iconographic type- Mary of Compassion- Christ and Mary gaze at each other and press their cheeks together with tender affection
• Protects people of Kiev

The Ka’ba, date unknown, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

• art and architecture of piligrimage
• point where Muslims face to pray
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Interior, Dome of the Rock, 691, Jerusalem, Israel.

• Theme: Anconism-  the avoidance of figural imagery in Jewish, early Christian and Islamic art
• Strucutrally, imitates the centrally planned building of Byzantine era but differes because the dome is crowned in gold
  
•  Not a mosque or a burial place for a person; commemorates the sight where Abraham is believed to offer his son to God- key spiritual place for three faiths
• Commemorates their belonging but also superseding the other monotheistic faiths- Christianity and Judaism 
• Borrows martyrium for and decorated in almost excessive form
• Mosaics are symbolic of the gardens or Paradise

Frieze, Detail of the Façade of the palace at Mshatta.  743-4, Mshatta, Jordan.

• Theme- aconism 
• Magnificent ornament which covers exterior with monumental zigzag decorations
• Garden of Eden appears to be depicted
• Becomes entirely vegetal; all the animals disappear 
• Architecture reflects the activities that took place. A series of closed and open spaces around a courtyard. Places for ceremonies, courtly figures, demonstrations of military prowess. Controls your access to different rooms. Underscored the power of the caliph 

Prayer Hall, Great Mosque, begun 785-86, Cordoba, Spain.

• Abstraction is a key value.  Islamic art seeks not to merely replicate nature, but to portray the deeper meaning and essence of things.
• Horseshoe arches a form known from the Roman times becomes closely associated with Islamic art. 

• alternation of white stone and red brickvoussoirs forming the curved arch may have functioned in withstanding earthquakes

•  Under Umaayad rule, Cordoba became a hub for intellectual and artistic pursuits 
• Double tiered designs dramatically increase the the height of the interior inspiring a sense of awe and monumentality 
• 
  

Dome in front of the Mihrab, Great Mosque, 965, Cordoba, Spain.

• Theme of the dome:
• Minbar- place where imam, prayer leader stood was right next to the mihrab which is the direction of the qiblah as a sign of authority 
• Melon shaped ribboned dome is a metaphor for celestial canaopy
• Complex crisscrossing arches reflects the Islamic interest in geometry and math as a source of inspiration for those who come in to pray 
• The designs of the mosaics were installed by a Byzantine master and expresses the idea of the interconnectedness of the medieval Mediterannean through trade and diplomacy 

Arabic Manuscript Page, 1199, Iraq.

• Theme of arts of the books
• Calligraphy held in the highest esteem in Muslim society and was important for two reasons
• Conveyed information about a building or object describing its beauty or naming its patron 
• Delight the eye in an aesthetic sense
• Red diacritical marks were the pronunciation guides and accented the dark brown ink while the chpaters titles were embedded in the burnished ornament at the bottom of the sheet
• Instead of page numbers, gold of framed words and knoblike projection in the lefthand cornes were different ways of marking chapter breaks 
• By 1000, paper replaces the costly parchment and revolutionzed the appearance of manuscript as well as their content. The inexpensive medium sparked production of elaboarate and decorative cursive script and new styles were created like nashki which was said to be revealed to scribes in a vision

Mamluk Glass Oil Lamp, 1355, Syria or Egypt.  Glass, polychrome enamel, and gold.

• Theme of glassmaking- Example of glassmaking as a booming industry in Egypt and Syria which were used for beakers and vases, but lamps lit form within glowed with speical brilliance 
• Inscricpition on the flared neck is a quote from the Quaran
• Roudel emblem identifies the patron 
• Thinness was a new technique of blowing and molding
• Red, white, and blue enamel and liding cover the surface of the lamp in vertical bands and include design of vegetarion and inscriptions 
• The mosque lamp was suspended from chains and atteches to handles but could also stand in its footed base 

Court of the Lions, Alhambra, 1354-91, Granada, Spain.

• Iconography of power- islamic fortress built on a hilltop for the seat of the Nasrids- the last Spanish Muslim dynasty
• The Alhambra represent the eptiome of luxurt
• A private retreat of Sultan Muhammah
• Divided into quadrants by cross-axial walkways a garden form called chahar bagh
• Water animates fountaing filling the courtyard with the sound of its life-giving abundance. 
• Encricles by an arcade of stucco arches embellished with muqarnas and supported on single columns of two or three
• Sultan had ability to see hertile land from this area 

Yusuf Fleeing Zulaykha, 1488, Herat, Afghanistan

Chi Rho Iota Page from the Book of Kells, 8^th-9^th century, Iona, Scotland.

•  Devotion to manuscript culture- Page that begins the book of Matthew from the book of kells that included the first four books
• Begins with Christ was born- should be X shaped- Chi- first time Christ is mentioned so it’s a way of worshipping God
• Made on animal hide and monks would paint each page taking months to complete. Includes animal style with more naturalistic style employes with symbols of peace 

Palace Chapel of Charlemagne, 792-805, Aachen, Germany.

• Functioned as Charlemagne's private place of worship, the church of his imperial court, a palace for precious relics, and an imperial mausoleum after his death
• Octagonal plan is similar to San Vitale but Carolingian architects added a western entance block known as a westwork- combined ground floor and upper story throne 
• Corinthian columns and railings at the gallery level form a screen that re-emphasizes the flat, pierced walls of the octagon which had a different effect of clarity and planar geometry compared to San Vitale but other mosaics and veneer walls with colored stone are still clearly inspired by Byzantine architecture 

Crucifixion with Angels and Mourning Figures, Lindau Gospels, 870-80

• Theme of iconography of Christ
• Crafted in pure gold with figures in repoussé meaning low relief produced by pushing or hammering up from the back of panel of metal to produce raised forms on the front surrouned by a heavily jewled frame 
• Grieving angles hover aboe the arms of the cross and earthbound mouners twist in agony below
• Above Jesus' head are personifiations of the sun and mood which also hide their face in anguish
• Jesus is modeled in amore rounded and calmer classical style. Very little if any sense of his suffering- his blood emerges from his wounds in a decortaive fashion in addition to straight, wide eyes and outstretched arms as if prefiguring his death 

Otto I Presenting Magdeburg Cathedral to Christ, 962-68, Milan, Italy. Ivory

• Iconography of power- Ittonian ideology is rooted in unity of Church and state and this ivory plaque was a decoration of an altar presented to Magdeburg Cathedral. 
• Otto I is presented in hieratic scale meaning the emperor is presented as a tuny figure compared too the saint and angles who are taller than him but smaller than Christ 
• Otto is praised for refusing to worship pagan gods 

Church of St. Cyriakus, 691, Gernrode, Germany.

• Church was desined as a bascilica with a westwork flanked by circular towers. At the eastern end, a transept with chapels let to a choir with an apse built over a crypt
• Three level elevation of nave arcade, gallery, andclerestory creates a rhythmic effect distinct from uniformity that charcterized early basilicas
• Simple design creates rhythmic alternation of heavy and light supports 

Gero Crucifix, 970, Cologne Cathedral, Germany, painted and gilded wood.

• Theme of iconography of Christ
• Focus is on Jesus' suffering- shown as a tortured martyr and not as the triumphant hero on the Lindau Gospels.
• Jesus' boody sags on the cross, his head falls forwrd, his eyes are closed
• Straigh linear fall of his golden drapery heightens the impact of drawn face, sagging torso, and limp, bloodied hands
• Image is one of anguish and is meant to inspire pity awe in the empatheitc responses of viewer

Cathedral of St. James, reconstruction drawing, 1078-1122, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

• Art and architecure of piligriamge: 
• Massive space whose intent is to accommodate that thousands of people who come- expansion of bascilian 
• Architectural plan looks like a cross but also functions to expand in size
• Massive expansion is directly related to the increase in pilgrimage

Cathedral Complex, 1063-1174, Pisa, Italy.

•  Truly reflects strong eclectic representation of northern European history
•    Elaborate embrace of art forms as orients- development of local style
•  More decoration without function 
• Dedicated to Virgin Mary the cathedral was designed as a cruciform bascila
• Narrow galleries in white marble adron the 5-story facade 

Interior, Church of Sant Vincenç, Cardona, Spain, 1020s-30s

• Example of Romanesque architecutre
• Thick walls which made the building taller and more spacious
• Round arches which allowed for more flexibility
• Study piers contructed out of masonry
• Groin vaults creating transverse arch
• Large towers
• Decorative arcading 
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Nave, Durham Cathedral, Durham, England, 1087–1133.

• Transition in to Gothic syle
• Longer elevated naves and growing vaults with two barrel vaults perpendicular to each other with forms cross
• Orientation of pillars with chevron and medallion decorations 
• Huge circular window for lighting is a Gothic addition
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Creation and Fall, 1099, West façade, Modena Cathedral.  Modena, Italy.

• ·       Ornamenting churches with sculpture and not only for aesthetic pleasure; also had didactic purpose to tell the stories of the bible without having to read entire Bible- relief sculpture

  ·       Two origin

  o    Importance of manuscript illumination

  o    Tradition of small scale sculpture that persist into Medieval period

  o    Traces of naturalism scene

  o    Image that represents creation of Adam and his fall- similar to cartoon with “strips”

  §  God and Christ represented as one on the left being raised up

  §  Christ is lifting Adam up with two fingers

  §  Eve steps out of Adam as he stills

  §  Eyes opened with serpent winding way around tree

  o    Rounded soft bodies- not athletic men

  §  Not meant to be idealized perfect beings, meant to be relateable. Did not want to over-awe or dazzle 

Last Judgment, 1130, Tympanum on west portal, Cathedral of St. Lazare, Autun, France.

• ·       Meant to over-awe and dazzle- different themes explored as you enter

  ·       Christ seated on throne with adorned angels; last judgment often used on tympanum

  o    Christ judging the damn and naked souls below him with the saved next to him looking serene and calm

  o    Inscription that says- “May this terror frighten those who are bound by worldly terror”- 

Crucifix, mid-12^th century, Catalunya, Spain, polychromed wood.

• Presenst a clothed, triumphant Christ compared to the seminude Christ from other areas
• Royal robe with psedo Arabid script represents his kingship but he also has downcast eyes and a bowed head which is indicative of a state of introspection
• Islamic textiles were used a sign of honor 

St. Matthew, from the Codex Colbertinus, 1100, tempera on vellum

• Romanesque conception
• St. Matthew is depicted within a fram on the left side of the page blessing and holding his book rather than writing in it
• Standing in space, his feet have no weight below him and there is no 3D effect
• Images of clothed and nude human as well as dog and catlike figures are on the left sife of the page- known as the book of generation

Interior, Abbey Church of St. Denis, Choir, 1140-1281, France.

•        Developed from Romanesque influence like the vaulting system like cross (groin) vaults and fan faults that evolved from barrel vaults and rib vaults

·       First pointed arches originate from Islamic world (another connection between east and west) and very practical in function and spreads to other buildings like Mosque of Cordoba in Spain

o    Appear in underground water systems

o    Point enables arch to support more weight

·       Built by monastery and tomb of French Kings and housed the remains of St. Denis

·       Highlights them of the importance of pilgrimage

o    Important economic reasons

o    Important engine for art and architecture

·       Abbott built church with triparthaid design with two towers (much like Romanesque building)

·       Pointed arches and groined vaults also from Romanesque architecture

·       Romanesque elements combine to form greater emphasis on openness to facilitate movement of pilgrims with curved space- flow of interior space

• First Gothic building 

West Façade, Chartres Cathedral, 1134, Chartres, France.

·       Best example of stained glass windows

·       Housed a piece of linen worn by Virgin Mary when she gave birth and believed to have healing properties for pilgrims if you were sick

·       Example of high Gothic architecture

o    Masonry skeleton or shell that encloses large open space

§  Not very wide (45ft) but massively tall

§  Take piers and ribs and form compound ribs

·       Tells the story of the bible due to high rates of illiteracy- relationships between key figures in Christianity through sculpture and stained glass windows

o    Western portal has three pointed arches and rose window

·       Image that portrays Christ in majestic seated on throne of Heaven with Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John in evangelist with emblem as a form of symbolic language

·       Below Christ’s feet are 12 apostles

·       Off to wither side his Mary holding baby Jesus and a glimpse into future with Christ ascending into heaven

·       Overall, simple scene with story of life and ascent to heaven of Christ

• Flying buttress seen on this building and revolutionzed Gothic architecutre

Rose Window and Lancets, 1220, north transept, Chartres Cathedral, France

• ·       Stained glass- Difficult to manipulate and extremely expensive to tint the glass so often a gift from a royal figure

  ·       Use simple iconography (symbolic representation of ideas or people) but meant to pause and read the windows in slow careful way            

  o    Simple figures with bold, primary figures

  ·       Gift to the Queen of Castillo- mother of French queen

  o    Royal and religious iconography seamlessly welded together

  ·       Included Virgin Mary, mother, and King Solomon and David, biblical priests

Nave, Reims Cathedral, 1220, Reims, France.

• ·       Coronation Church of the kings of France

  ·       Unified ideal gothic façade with tall portals making a clear skeletal structure

  ·       Center with Mary as queen of heaven by Christ

  ·       Sculpture and stained glass fill west wall

  o    Rose window 

Central and North Portals, Amiens Cathedral, 1220-40, Amiens, France.

• ·       High gothic

  ·       Simple, clarified, unified, geometric order

  ·       Very tall and not wide

Queen Blanche of Castile and Louis IX, Moralized bible, 1226-34, Paris, France.

• Example of Parisan manuscripts receving much renown
• Queen Blanche and Louis IX are depicted on the dedication page and served asregent of France
• The pair have slightly oversized heads and are depicted against a gold backdrop in an excerpt of text

Upper Chapel, Sainte-Chapelle, 1243-48, Paris, France.

•  

  ·       Radiant style due to exquisite use of stained glass

  ·       Named after Parisian court

  ·       Houses collections of relics and built of stone and glass

Siena Cathedral, 1284-99, Siena, Italy.

• Had the formeost painter-Duccio di Buoninsegna