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| The capacity to retain and retrieve information |
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| Memory is a multistage process. Sensory memory -> short term memory -> long term memory |
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| Processing the information |
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| Accessing the information at a later time (LTM into STM) |
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Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or piece of information |
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The ability to identify information you have previously observed (easier to recall) |
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The ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier (more difficult to recall) |
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Non-conscious retention in memory... That which can influence your thoughts or behaviour, but does not enter consciousness.
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Retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose |
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Shift information from one memory store to another
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a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time |
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The visual for of sensory memory, held for about one-half to one second |
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The auditory form of sensory memory, held for 5-10 seconds |
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· the identification of a stimulus on the basis of information already contained in long-term memory |
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the process that moves information from the sensory store to short-term memory |
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demonstrates the rapid decay of sensory memory |
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a memory store with limited capacity and duration (less than a minute). Can hold about 7 items in memory |
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· meaningful unit of information which may be composed of smaller units |
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most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but only an item or two from the middle |
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· first few items were encoded when STM was empty… they were rapidly transferred to LTM |
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the first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information |
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· last few item are still sitting in STM during recall, and are thus easily available |
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the most recently learned information over-shadows some older memories that have not yet made it into the long-term |
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| a memory store that holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanently. |
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| Memories that enable you to perform specific learned skills of habitual responses. Ex. riding a bike |
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| Parallel Bistributed Processing (PDP) |
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| Model of Memor in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all operating in parallel |
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| a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory compenents that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time |
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| A storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and stores information as sounds, or an auditory code |
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| a storage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code |
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| a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes |
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| words are organized in the semantic categories to which they belong |
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| Levels-of-Processing Principle |
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| states that the ease with which we can retrieve a memory depends on the number and types of associations that we form with that memory |
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| simply repeating the material that you are trying to memorize |
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| the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus. Also notes the associations between the items or parts of material |
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| association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable |
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| Survey, Process meaningfully, Ask questions, Review |
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| any memory aid that is based on encoding each item in a special way |
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| external cue associations formed at time of learning |
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| internal states associated with recalling information. ex. emotion, intoxication |
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| the control centre of working memory; it coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the three storage components |
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| memories that we are consciously aware of and can be verbalized, including facts about the world and one's own personal experience. |
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| include actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness |
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| declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around "episodes" and are recalled from a first-person ("I" or "my") perspective. |
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| declarative memories that include facts about the world |
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| the process by which long-term memory becomes durable and stable... converting STM into LTM in the brain |
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| Long-term Potentiation (LTP) |
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| there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together |
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| the hippocampus functions to update, strengthen, or modify existing long-term memories |
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| long term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex... not localized |
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| memory and the Frontal Lobes |
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| the frontal lobes are involved with short-term memory tasks |
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| memory and the Prefrontal Cortex |
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| the anterior-most part of the frontal lobes works with the temporal lobe to encode words and pictures |
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| involved in the formation of emotional memories |
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| difficulty retrieving old memories |
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| difficulty learning new information |
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| a profound loss of at least one form of memory |
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| the causes of forgetting are psychological such as the need to escape feelings of embarrassment, guilt, shame, disappointment,and emotional shock |
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| the forgetting of specific events, sometimes for many years because they were traumatic |
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| affects orientation to place and time, memory, language, movement, attention, visual perception, problem-solving and social functioning. Symptoms cause by the formation of neurofibrils (tangles) and amyloid plaques in the brain. |
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| both anterograde and retrograde amnesia due to alcoholism and thiamin (vitamin B1) deficiency |
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| Encoding Specificity Principle |
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| predicts that retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding |
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| an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event |
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| occurs when information is stored in more than one form |
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| a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path |
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| the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying |
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| memory suffers from biases. Confusing an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you. Coming to believe that you remember something that never happened |
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| a moderate amount of stress or emotion helps memory. Too much or too little emotion impairs memory |
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| an organized cluster of memories that constitutes one's knowledge about events, objects, and ideas |
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| a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details |
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| remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event |
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| happens when information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event |
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| participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associates (which means they are associated by meaning) |
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| refers to the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event |
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| memories of a traumatic event that are suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time |
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