Term
Development:
3 Methods of Developmental Psychology |
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Definition
1) Cross section: studies different ages (groups)
2) Longitudinal: studies same person/group throughout time
3) Biographical: reconstruct past through interviews and investigate effect of past events on current behavior |
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Term
Development
Pre-Natal Development |
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Definition
Conception
-fertilized egg to embryo (first 8 weeks) to fetus (9 weeks – birth)
-growth of neural connections very important
-concern of teratogens (toxic substances from environment; alcohol, drugs, etc.) that could impact developing baby
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Term
Development
Development result of genetics or experience?
(Nature vs. Nurture debate)
GENETICS Influence on Behavior --> |
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Definition
Chromosomes: double strands of DNA contained in nucleus of cells that contain genes
Genes: segments along chromosomes that contain blueprint and timetables for our development
-genes affect physical and psychiological characteristics |
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Term
Development
Nature vs. Nurture Debate
We are born with several useful reflexes.. |
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Definition
-rooting reflex for finger that touches cheek
-grasping reflex
-stepping reflex
-sucking reflex |
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Term
Development
Infant Sensation and Perceptual Development |
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Definition
EX: Vision = at first, things look fuzzy to an infant
-Visual acuity develops rapidly, so that by 6-8 months they can see as well as the average college student
--Infants can see some color even in the first week of life, but they are more interested in contrasts initially (black and white contrasts)
EX: Pictures of vision.. 2-month vision: fuzzy, reddish tint
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Term
Development
Physical Development |
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Definition
-In the first year of life a child will grow 10 inches in height and gain 15 pounds
-development will slow down until adolescence
-Body grows differentially
-head grows most rapidly at first (nervous system developing) |
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Term
Development
Physical Development
Maturation: |
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Definition
:Physical Development of a child follows a regular course
-an orderly progression with some events occurring before others (e.g. locomotion) = very orderly |
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Term
Development
Cognitive Development |
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Definition
-Intellectual growth
-perceiving, reasoning, imagining, problem solving use of memory --> novice to expert
-maturing brain builds schemas: concepts (e.g. cats, dogs, love) into which we pour our experiences and which allow us to understand the world |
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Term
Development
Cognitive Development
We use and adapt our schemas based on... |
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Definition
-Assimilation: interpret new experiences in terms of old schemas EX:: child has a schema for a “cow” and then calls all 4-legged animals “cows”
-Accommodation – adjust schema to deal with new experience EX:: come up with new schema for “horse”
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Term
Development
Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget:
Stage Appraoch |
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Definition
Qualitative differences at different stages; not just different amounts of intellect
-Interchange between organism and environment
-child understands the world while interacting with it
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Term
Development
Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget:
Stages in Cognitive Development |
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Definition
Stage: consistent and discrete
-each new stage involves new schemas (basic units of knowledge) that allows a child to interpret concepts and events
Mental Growth: reliance to appearance on reliance on rules
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Term
Development
Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget:
4 Stages in Cognitive Development
(1) |
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Definition
1) Sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs old): at birth, sensory impressions and motor reactions; no past nor future; no distinction between stable objects and fleeting events,only starting to develop object permanence (image in head—representation)
EX: kid playing with stuffed animal, then covers it up = has no idea the toy is still there, just covered up = not in view
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Term
Development
Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget:
4 Stages in Cognitive Development
(2) |
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Definition
2) Preoperational (2 to 7 yrs old): child learns to use language; centrism—cannot take viewpoint of others (e.g. what is someone else seeing); not yet developed conservation -- cannot take into account more than one perceptual factor at a time
EX: video: water containers -height and volume: 5 year old child thinks two glasses have same amount (they do) until pour one glass into a taller, skinnier glass: says that glass has more water because it’s “taller”; 7 year old understands that it’s the same:: she is in the Concrete Operations stage
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Term
Development
Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget:
4 Stages in Cognitive Development
(3) |
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Definition
3) Concrete operations (7 to 11 years old): achieve conservation—mentally transform and mentally reverse sequence; EX:: ball of clay –can take into account 2 perceptual factors
-Coins: 5 year old thinks there are more coins in a row that is wider
-knows that same amount of water in skinny and fat glass
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Term
Development
Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget:
4 Stages in Cognitive Development
(4) |
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Definition
4) Formal Operations (11 yrs old and up): reasoning apart from concrete situations; reality seen as one aspect of what might be (hypotheses formulated)
-EX:: thumbs= older kids think deeper into it, younger kids are very concrete: older kid thinks more abstract; how would world change
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Term
Development
Social Development
begins with.. |
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Definition
-with the first human bond; that of the infant’s attachment to the person who takes care of him/her
-it is sometimes said that attachment lays the foundation for all later relationships with others
-If there is no attachment (due to separation) distress may result
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Term
Development
Social Development
Research by Harry Harlow IV=raised by mother or not (monkeys) |
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Definition
-he found that monkeys separated from their mothers:
-huddled in corner
-rocked back and forth
-bit themselves
-would not interact with others
-incompetent in sexual and parental matters |
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