Term
| What is the definition of biological evolution? |
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Definition
| A change in the genetic make-up of a population over time. The accumulation of many genetic changes results, eventually, in visible differences (changes in phenotypes). |
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Term
| Know and understand the evidence that supports the occurrence of evolution. |
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Definition
1. fossil record
2. homologies- (anatomical & embryological, and molecular genetics)
3. empirical data- experiments and observations |
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Term
| Know and understand the primary factors that can cause microevolutionary change. |
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Definition
1. mutations
2. gene flow/migration
3. genetic drift
4. selection (natural and sexual) |
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Term
| Know and understand the conditions that must be met for natural selection to occur. |
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Definition
1. Variation
2. Inherited basis
• ONLY genes are passed from one generation to another
3. Differential survival (as a result of struggle) and reproduction
• differences in Darwinian fitness |
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Term
| Understand how natural selection works. |
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Definition
1 = organisms have potential to reproduce in large numbers
observation
2 = natural populations remain pretty much constant in size 3 = natural resources are limited, there isn’t enough for everyone
inference 1 = there exists a continuous struggle for existence among members of a population
4 = organisms are not all the same, they vary in their features
5 = some of this variation is heritable, passed from parent to
offspring
inference 2 = there are differences in survival and reproduction among the varying organisms in the population
inference 3 = over generations, this differential survival and reproduction leads to changes in the appearance of the population & leads to appearance of new adaptations |
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Term
| Know the different types, or patterns, of selection. |
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Definition
1. directional
2. stabilizing
3. disruptive |
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Term
| Understand how the common misconceptions about natural selection and adaptations are incorrect. |
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Definition
1. Selection acts on individuals but individuals do NOT evolve. Populations/species evolve
2. “Survival of the fittest”
• implies survival most important
• really about reproduction
• “fittest” = physical fitness = Darwinian fitness
3. “For the good of the species”
• selection acts on individuals (see #1)
• natural selection does NOT occur for the good of the species
4. No intent in evolution – it is not purposeful |
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Term
| Understand the role parental investment plays in sexual selection (what is the typical evolutionary outcome of differences in parental investment)? |
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Definition
Parental investment = anything a parent does to increase the probability that its offspring will survive to reproduce.
Typical outcome:
→ females have larger parental investment than males
Females:
• Reproductive success limited by her ability to produce eggs and/or become pregnant.
• Females are choosy about who she mates with
Males:
• Sperm is cheap
• Reproductive success limited by his ability to gain access to females and be allowed to mate
• Males are competitive with each other for access to females |
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Term
| Know the different types of parental investments. |
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Definition
1. gamete size
2. post-fertilization
3. parental care |
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Term
| Understand what limits the reproductive success of males and females. |
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Definition
Females:
• Reproductive success limited by her ability to produce eggs and/or become pregnant.
Males
Reproductive success limited by his ability to gain access to females and be allowed to mate |
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Term
| What is intrasexual selection? |
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Definition
Competition among members of the same sex for access to mates
• Male-male competition (usually)
Favors evolution of traits that will enhance a male’s:
1. Competitive ability with other males
2. Attractiveness to females |
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Term
What are the different types of intrasexual selection and what are the evolutionary
consequences of each type (what types of features are produced)? |
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Definition
1. Pre-mating Competition – deal with a male’s ability to get to a female and be allowed to mate.
a. Combat
• Sexual dimorphism (larger body size in males)
• Weaponry (other fighting related structures)
b. Alternative Mating Strategies • Sneaker males
• Satellite males
2. Post-mating – Pre-zygotic Competition
a) Sperm competition- competition among sperm of different males to fertilize the same female’s eggs
• faster swimmers
• longer lived
• produce larger quantities
b) Mate guarding
c) Cleansing behaviors
d) Genital Plugs
3. Post-zygotic Competition – events that occur after young are produced
Infanticide – killing young that are not your own |
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Term
| What is intersexual selection? |
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Definition
female choice of mates
Favors evolution of traits that will enhance a female’s ability to assess male quality. |
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Term
| Understand what male quality is, from the female’s perspective. |
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Definition
1. material benefits
2. good genes (choose traits that are indicators or overall genetic quality) |
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Term
| What is a biological species? |
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Definition
| a group of individuals that interbreed or have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring. |
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Term
| Be able to briefly describe the allopatric model for how speciation can occur. |
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Definition
Single population of 1 species -->
Geographic reproductive barrier -->
Genetic & phenotypic differences accumulate -->
Secondary contact -->
Biological Reproductive barriers -->
Postmating mechanisms – inviable or sterile hybrids -->
Selection for premating mechanisms -->
More genetic & phenotypic changes -->
2 species |
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Term
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Definition
Any feature of an organism that helps it to better survive and reproduce = Any feature that increases fitness
• all adaptations are the result of natural selection |
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Term
| Biological Reproductive barrier |
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Definition
| physiological or behavioral barrier that prevents individuals from interbreeding |
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Term
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Definition
part of pre-mating competition
• Sexual dimorphism (larger body size in males)
• Weaponry (other fighting related structures) |
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Term
| Darwinian, or biological, fitness |
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Definition
| Darwinian fitness = the # of offspring you produce relative to others in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| study of how organisms develop in the womb- if they have similar patterns of development, we may think they are HOMOLOGOUS |
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Term
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Definition
| data collected from an experiment or observations from life- in this lecture, empirical data is used to prove evolution (anti-biotic resistance in bacteria and evolution of the domestic dog) |
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Term
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Definition
can be used to prove evolution
physical evidence of organisms that lived in the past
( example includes animals with four legs and their origins) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene Pool = The total collection of genes in a population at any one time (think picture of warthogs with their alleles in the wading pool) |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic Drift – a change in the gene pool due to chance reproductive events
(the guy accidentally steps on all the green bugs so in the next population, all the bugs are brown) |
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Term
| Geographic reproductive barrier |
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Definition
physical barrier that keeps 2 populations apart and prevents interbreeding
first step in allopatric speciation |
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Term
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Definition
similarity of structures of different organisms as a result of their evolution from a common ancestor
(anatomical & embryological, and molecular genetics) |
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Term
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Definition
the result of two organisms that are undergoing allopatric speciation
often is inviable or sterile offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
killing young that are not your own
part of post-zygotic competition |
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Term
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Definition
Female choice of mates
Favors evolution of traits that will enhance a female’s ability to assess male quality.
ladies are looking for someone to provide material benefits and have good overall genes |
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Term
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Definition
Competition among members of the same sex for access to mates
• Male-male competition (usually) |
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Term
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Definition
Microevolution = examines small scale changes in the gene pool of a population
Factors that cause microevolutionary changes:
• mutations
• gene flow
• genetic drift
• selection → leads to adaptive evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| Macroevolution = examines large scale events such as speciation, extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals |
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Term
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Definition
can be used as evidence of evolution
by comparing the DNA of different organisms to see how similar they are, can tell how closely they are related evolutionarily |
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Term
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Definition
• creates new alleles
• ultimate source of new variation |
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Term
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Definition
• Primary mechanism of evolution
• most important evolutionary process
The theory that evolution occurs by natural selection asserts that, of the range of different individuals which make up the population of a given species, those individuals having certain characteristics contribute more offspring to the succeeding generation than those having other characteristics; and if such characteristics have an inherited basis, the composition of the population is thereby changed in the next generation. |
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Term
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Definition
Parental investment = anything a parent does to increase the probability that its offspring will survive to reproduce.
1. gamete size
2. post-fertizilation
3. parental care |
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Term
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Definition
evolutionary history of a lineage
like a family tree, but of many different species, to show how they are related over time |
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Term
| Post-mating isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
production of inviable or sterile offspring.
result of two organisms that are undergoing allopatric speciation |
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Term
| Post-mating—pre-zygotic competition |
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Definition
a) Sperm competition b) Mate guarding
c) Cleansing behaviors d) Genital Plugs
types of intrasexual selection |
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Term
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Definition
events that occur after young are produced
Infanticide – killing young that are not your own |
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Term
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Definition
a. Combat
b. Alternative Mating Strategies (sneaker and satellite males) |
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Term
| Pre-mating isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
B) Pre-mating reproductive isolating mechanisms = things that prevent mating or fertilization from occurring in the first place.
1. temporal isolation
2. habitat isolation
3. behavioral isolation
4. mechanical isolation
(wrong place, wrong time, wrong actions, wrong parts) |
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Term
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Definition
Subset of natural selection that is concerned only with traits dealing with reproduction.
• Sexual reproduction creates different selection pressures for male and females
types include intra and inter |
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Term
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Definition
Speciation – splitting of one species into two species
Biological species = a group of individuals that interbreed or have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.
For speciation to occur, must go from one interbreeding population and make 2 populations that no longer interbreed. |
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Term
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Definition
Sperm competition – competition among sperm of different males to fertilize the same female’s eggs
• faster swimmers
• longer lived
• produce larger quantities
bigger balls --> more babies! |
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